1

Q3 I. Proportion Let us verify the accuracy of determined

proportions by checking the equality of the
W3 ratios or rates.

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
3 min : 60 m =6 min : 120 m
Figure 1:
 describes a proportion.
 applies the fundamental theorems of
proportionality to solve problems Solution 1: Cross-products
involving proportions. 3 6
=
60 120 write in fraction form the ratios
Definition of Ratio:
3 6
=
Ratio is a comparison between two quantities 60 120 multiply (3)(120) =360
using division. There are 3 ways to write a multiply (6)(60) = 360
ratio:
a Solution 2: Products of means and extremes
a to b b a:b
extremes

Definition of Proportion:
3 min : 60 m =6 min : 120 m
The equality of two ratios is called
proportion. If the ratios a :b and c : d are means

a c
a :b =c :d or = product of means : (60)(6) = 360
equal, then we write b d
product of extremes: (3)(120) =360
(where b and d are nonzeros). It is read as “a
is to b as c is to d”.

Each number in a proportion is called a term. Figure 2: 1 : 80 pesos = 3 : 240 pesos

In the proportion a :b =c :d , the terms a and
Solution 1: Cross-products
d are called the extremes while the terms b
1 3
and c are called the means. =
Illustrative Example: 80 240 write in fraction form the ratios
The figures that follow show ratios or rates that
are proportional: 1 3
=
Figure 1:
80 240 multiply (1)(240) =240
multiply (3)(80) = 240

Solution 2: Products of means and extremes

extremes

1 : 80 pesos = 3 : 240 pesos

Ratios or Rates: minutes: meters
Proportional Quantities: means
3 min: 60 m= 6 min : 120 m
Figure 2: product of means : (80)(3) = 240
product of extremes: (1)(240) =240

The solution shows that corresponding quantities

are proportional. In short, they form a
proportion because the ratios are equal.

Ratios or Rates: Number of T- shirts: Amount

Paid
Proportional Quantities:
1 : 80 pesos = 3 : 240 pesos
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Illustrative Example:
Fundamental Rule of Proportion
1. There are 480 sophomores and 520 juniors in
ICENHS. Find the ratio of juniors and
sophomores.

Solution: ratio of juniors to sophomores

520 juniors: 480 sophomores

520
480
520÷40
480÷40 reduce in lowest term by dividing
the gcf = 40

13
=12

Therefore 13: 12

3 21
= Illustrative Example
s:
2. Solve x 6

Solution:
1) If a :b=4 :3 , find 3 a−2b : 3 a+b
3 21 Solution:
=
x 6 cross multiplication a
=
4
→ a=
4b
3(6) = 21 (x) b 3 3
18 = 21x Using 4b
18 21 x a=
3
=
21 21 divide both sides by 21 to isolate x

( 3 )
2. 4b
3 −2 b
6 6 3 a−2 b 4 b−2b 2 b 2
=x = = = =
3 ( )+b
7 Therefore x = 7 3 a+ b 4b 4 b+b 5b 5
3
3. The ratio of the measures of three angles of a
triangle are 5:7:8. Find the angle measures.
Therefore ,
Solution: 3 a−2 b : 3 a+b=2 :5
If d , e and f represent three positive numbers
Let x be the common factor of the 3 angle such that ;
measures
d :e : f =4 :3 :2 and d 2 −e 2−f 2 =27 .
Find the values of d, e and f.
5x + 7x + 8x = 180 the sum of the 3 angles of
a triangle is 180 deg.

20x = 180 divide both sides by 20 to

isolate x

x=9

Substituting x to get the angle measures:

5x = 5(9) = 45 degrees
7x = 7(9) = 63 degrees
8x = 8(9) = 72 degrees

Therefore the 3 angle measures are 450,

630, and 720.
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Illustrative Example 1. Form proportion using

the figure below.

m t

a h

Answers: There are four possible answers on this.

We have,

m t t m
1. = or =
a h h a

a h h a
II. Fundamental Theorem of 2. = or =
m t t m
Proportionality and Its
Application m a a m
3. = or =
t h h t

Fundamental theorem of proportionality states t h h t

4. = or =
that if a line parallel to one side of a triangle m a a m
intersects the other two sides, then it divides
those sides proportionally.
Illustrative Example 2: If in ∆RST, RT // VU and
SV = 3, VR = 8, and UT = 12, find SU.

a c

d
b

a c
A proportion such as = can be arranged
b d
in 4 ways

Solution:
3 x
=
8 12

(3)(12) = 8x
36 = 8x
x= 4.5

Illustrative Example 3. Find the value of x.

Solution:
 4

We can use either of the four. So, we have Given: ΔERT ~ ΔSKY

x x +8
=
18 24

24 x=18 ( x +8 ) Cross-multiplication
Property

24 x=18 x +144 Distributive Property

The corresponding sides are:
24 x−18 x=144 Subtraction Property of Equality ER corresponds to SK
ET corresponds to SY
RT corresponds to KY
6 x=144 Simplify
1. The ratio of of the measures of all pairs
x=24 of corresponding sides are equal.

Therefore, x = 24. ER 3 1
= =
SK 9 3

III. Similarity ET 5 1
= =
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to: SY 15 3
RT 4 1
 illustrates similarity of figures. = =
KY 12 3

2. Corresponding angles are congruent

E corresponds to S, R corresponds to K
and T corresponds to Y.

∠ E≃∠S and ∠ R≃∠ K and ∠ T ≃∠ Y

Illustrative Example 2
If ΔABC ~ ΔRST, list all pairs of congruent angles
and write a proportion that relates the
corresponding sides.

Definition:

Similar polygons are polygons in which:

1. The ratios of the measures of
corresponding sides are equal Congruent angles:
2. Corresponding angles are congruent ∠ A≃∠ R and ∠ B≃∠ S and ∠ C≃∠ T

Symbols used: Ratios of all pairs of Corresponding sides

~ - “ is similar to ” are equal:
¿ - “ is congruent to” AB AC BC
= =
RS RT ST
ΔERT ~ ΔSKY is read as “triangle ERT is similar
to triangle SKY”
∠ E≃∠S is read as “angle E is congruent to angle
S”

Illustrative Example 1
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IV. Triangle Similarity

Postulates & Theorems

1. AAA Similarity Postulate

If the three angles of one triangle are congruent

to three angles of another triangle, then the two
triangles are similar.
∠ N≃∠ R
∠O≃∠ P
ΔMNO ~ ΔQRP

3. SSS Similarity Theorem

Two triangles are similar if the corresponding

sides of two triangles are in proportion.

Illustrative Example 1:

The illustration demonstrates the conditions of

AAA Similarity Postulate using markings to show
congruence of three angles of ΔLUV and ΔWHY.

Illustrative Example 1:
Given the figure, prove that ΔRIC ~ ΔDIN

Corresponding sides of the two triangles

are in proportion:

ER 3 1
= =
SK 9 3

ET 5 1
= =
SY 15 3
RT 4 1
= =
KY 12 3
Therefore, ΔERT ~ ΔSKY by SSS
Similarity Theorem

2. AA Similarity Theorem

Two triangles if two angles of one triangle are

congruent to two angles of another triangle

4. SAS Similarity Theorem

Two triangles are similar if an angle of one

triangle is congruent to an angle of another
triangle and the corresponding sides including
those angles are in proportion.
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Illustrative Example 3: Find x

Illustrative Example:
Given the figure, use SAS Similarity
Theorem to prove that ΔRAP ~ ΔMAX
Solution:

The figure can be divided into two similar

triangles:
The big triangle:

Solution:
RA AP x
=
If MA AX by definition of proportion

and ∠ RAP≃∠ MAX since they are vertical

angles and vertical angles are always 242 ft
congruent

Therefore by SAS theorem ΔRAP ~ ΔMAX The small triangle:

12 ft
Illustrative Example 2:
Name the two similar triangles in the figure.
2 ft

x 242
=
12 2 write the ratio of the corresponding
sides

2x = (242)(12) cross multiply

2x = 2904 simplify

x = 1452 divide both sides by 2 to isolate x

Solution:
ΔCDE ~ ΔCAF Therefore x is 1452 ft.

Since Corresponding sides of the two

triangles are in proportion:

CD 6 6 2
= = =
CA 6+3 9 3
CE 10 10
= =
CF 10+5 15
Q3 Mathemat
Included angle ∠ C≃∠ C an angle is congruent W3 Name: ___________________________ Sect
to itself
:
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Multiple Choice. Directions: Read each item

carefully. Choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answer on the blank (2
pts each) ___9. The triangles are similar by:

____1. Which ratio is different from the others?

a. 8 to 15 c. 8:15
8
b. 15:8 d. 15
____2. A company has a machine that paints 40 a. AA Similarity Theorem
cars in 8 hours. At what rate the machine has b. SSS Similarity Theorem
c. SAS Similarity Theorem
been painting cars?
d. Two Triangles are not similar.
a. 5 minutes per car c. 12 minutes per car
b. 16 minutes per car d. 24 minutes per
car ____10. The triangles are similar by:

___3. Crayola Factory can make 2400 crayons in 4

minutes. How many can be made in 15 min?
a. 9 000 b. 36 000 c. 4 000 d. 10 000

___4. Jennie rides a bus from Ozamis City to

Cagayan de Oro City. The speed of the bus is 40
km/hour. If the distance between Ozamis City and a. SSS Similarity Theorem
Cagayan de Oro City is 160 km. How long will it b. HL Similarity Theorem
takes Jennie to Travel? (Note: c. SAS Similarity Theorem
speed=distance/time) d. Two Triangles are not similar.
a. 5 hrs b. 4 hrs
c. 2 hrs d. 3.5 hrs ____11. The triangles below are similar because of
the:

For #’s 5 to 8, find the values of a or b.

____5.
a. 70
b. 69
c. 78
d. 108
a. AA Similarity Theorem
b. SSS Similarity Theorem
c. SAS Similarity Theorem
d. Two Triangles are not similar
____6
a. 4 ____12. Choose the similarity statement for the
b. 8 triangles.
c. 3
d. 6

____7
a. 4
b. 8 a. ∆ MNL ∆ OPQ
c. 3 b. ∆ LMN ∆ PQO
d. 6 c. ∆ NOM ∆ PQL
d. ∆ MLN ∆ PQO
____8.
a. 12
b. 16
c. 10
d. 20
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____13. What is the similarity statement for the

triangle pair?

a. ∆ XYZ ∆ NEW
b. ∆ ZYX ∆ ENW
c. ∆ XZY ∆ NWE
d. ∆ YZX ∆ NWE

____14. Determine whether the triangles are

similar or not. If so, state how they are similar.

a. Yes, by AA Similarity
b. Yes, by SSS Similarity
c. Yes, by SAS Similarity
d. No, not similar

____15. Find AE.

a. 12.5
b. 11.75
c. 18
d. 13