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Signal Synthesis

This chapter discusses signals as functions of time that represent physical variables in electrical systems, focusing on their importance in various fields. It classifies signals into continuous-time and discrete-time, even and odd signals, and periodic and unperiodic signals, detailing their properties and examples. Additionally, it presents theorems related to the summation and multiplication of these signal types.

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5 views2 pages

Signal Synthesis

This chapter discusses signals as functions of time that represent physical variables in electrical systems, focusing on their importance in various fields. It classifies signals into continuous-time and discrete-time, even and odd signals, and periodic and unperiodic signals, detailing their properties and examples. Additionally, it presents theorems related to the summation and multiplication of these signal types.

Uploaded by

rampratap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2

CHAPTER

SIGNALS AND WAVEFORM


SYNTHESIS
2.1. INTRODUCTION Inside this Chapter
A signal may be considered to be a function of time that Introduction
represents a physical variable of interest associated with a Classification of Signals
system. In electrical systems, the excitation (input) and Standard Signals or Singulart
response (output) are given in terms of currents and voltages. Functions
Mostly, these currents and voltages are function of time. Other Basic Signals
In general, these functions of time are called signals, i.e. Direct Formula (or KM. Formua
signals are also called as the functions. Linear Time Invariant (LTD S
Signals play an important role in _cience and technology tems
as communication, aeronautics, bio-medical engineering and System Modelling in Terms of De
speech processing etc. ferential Equations

2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF sIGNALS


Signals may describe a wide variety of physical phenomena,
as follows :

2.2.1. Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals


To distinguish between continuous-time and discrete
time signals, we will use the symbol to denote the
continuous-time independent variable and 'n' or 'n T" to
denote the discrete-time independent variable.
Illustrations of continuous-time signal x(t)
and a discrete-time signal xln] or x(nT) are shown in figure
2.1.

8
Signals and Waveform Synthesis 9

4x(0) =sin ot

(a)

4x{n] = sin o[nT]

on or onT

(6)
Fig. 2.1. Graphical representations of (a) Continuous-time and (b) discrete-time signals
2.2.2. Even and Odd Signals
Another set of useful properties of signals relates to their symmetry under time reversal.
Asignal lt) or xn] isreferred to as an even signal if it is identical to its time-reversed counter
part. In continuous-time a signal is even if
t )= x(t)
while a discrete-time signal is even if
x-n] =xn]
Examples: () (where n is even) or 2 (where ne integer) ie. ,t,..
(iü) cos t, sin?t, etc.
A signal is referred to as an odd if the signal is negative of its reflection, ie.,
) = - x(t)
z-n] = -xn]
Examples : ) (where nis odd) or t21+1 (where n e integer) ie., t, t8,...
(ü) sint, etc.
Note
There are some functions (signals), which are neither even nor odd.
Examples :e, t+ t etc.
sTheorems :
(i) Sum of even functions = even function
(ü) Sum of odd functions = odd function
(iiü) Multiplication of even and even functions = even function
function
(üv) Multiplication of odd and odd functions = even
odd function
(u) Multiplication of even and odd functions =even nor odd.
(vi) Sum of even and odd functions = Neither
2.2.3. Periodic and Unperiodic Signals
Asignal x(t) is periodicif and only if - oo < t< oo ..(1)
xtt + T) = xt),
value of T, such that equation (1) is
where the constant T, is the period of x(t). The smallest is called unperiodic
satisifed is referred to as the Time-period. Any signal not satisfying equation (1)
or aperiodic.

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