These notes are well-structured and cover essential Python concepts for CBSE Class 12 in an easy-to-
understand way. Below is a slightly revised and better-formatted version for clarity and readability:
Python Notes for CBSE Class 12
Modes of Python Programming
1. Interactive Mode: Allows interaction with the Operating System. Commands are executed line by
line.
2. Script Mode: Python programs are written in files and executed using the interpreter.
Basic Data Types
1. Number: Stores numerical values (e.g., integers, floats).
2. Sequence: An ordered collection of items indexed by positive integers.
Operators in Python
1. Arithmetic Operators: `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `%`, `**`, `//`
2. Relational Operators: `<`, `<=`, `>`, `>=`, `!=`, `==`
3. Logical Operators: `or`, `and`, `not`
4. Assignment Operators: `=`, `+=`, `-=`, `*=`, `/=`, `%=`, `**=`, `//=`
Functions and Modules
1. Functions: A named sequence of statements performing computations.
2. Module: A file containing Python definitions and statements, extending Python’s standard library.
Data Structures
1. String: A sequence of characters accessed using indexes.
2. List: A sequence of values of any type.
3. Dictionary: Stores key-value pairs where keys can be of any data type.
4. Tuple: An immutable sequence of values indexed by integers.
Namespaces and Scope
1. Namespace: Mapping of names to objects (e.g., global, local, built-in).
2. Scope: Region where a variable or name is accessible.
3. LEGB Rule:
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L: Local (current function)
E: Enclosing functions (inner to outer)
G: Global (module level)
B: Built-in (Python-defined names)
Object-Oriented Programming
1. Class: A blueprint for creating objects.
`__init__`: Initializes class members.
`self`: Refers to the instance of the class.
2. Attributes:
Class attributes: Shared by all instances.
Instance attributes: Specific to individual instances.
3. Methods:
`getattr()`: Access an attribute.
`hasattr()`: Check if an attribute exists.
`setattr()`: Set an attribute with a value.
`delattr()`: Delete an attribute.
Special Class Methods
1. `__dict__`: Returns the dictionary of the class namespace.
2. `__doc__`: Returns the class’s docstring.
3. `__name__`: Gives the class name.
4. `__module__`: Specifies the module where the class is defined.
5. `__bases__`: Tuple containing base classes.
6. `__del__`: Invoked when the object is deleted.
7. `__str__`: Returns a string representation of the object.
Inheritance
1. Single Inheritance: Subclass inherits from one base class.
2. Multilevel Inheritance: Subclass acts as a base for another class.
3. Multiple Inheritance: Subclass inherits from multiple base classes.
4. Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple subclasses inherit from one base class.
5. Hybrid Inheritance: Combination of multiple inheritance types.
Overriding Methods
Enables customization of parent class methods in the subclass.
Abstract Methods
Declared in a parent class but implemented in the subclass.
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Memory Management
1. Reference Counting: Tracks the number of references to an object. When the count is zero, the
object is deleted.
2. Garbage Collection: Reclaims unused memory blocks automatically.
This concise and well-organized version is suitable for CBSE Class 12 students preparing for Python-
based concepts. Let me know if you need more topics or detailed explanations!
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