Vectors Ĵ (jay-hat)

-​ Unit vector in the direction of y-axis

Physical quantities Geometric representation
1.​ Scalar
-​ Quantities having only
magnitude
-​ Ex. mass
2.​ vector
-​ Have both magnitude and
direction
-​ Ex. distance, displacement,
velocity

Notations
-​ Read as vector A (A with arrow on
top of it) R is also known as the resultant vector
-​ Tells the magnitude and direction od
the red arrow
-​ Written in bold letter in most
engineering books
-​ Magnitude of the arrow is denoted
as |a with arrow|

General properties
-​ Parallel vectors
-​ Have the same direction
regardless of magnitude
-​ Antiparallel
-​ Have opposite directions
regardless of magnitude
-​ Equal
-​ Same magnitude and
direction
-​ Negative of a vector
-​ Same magnitude but
opposite on direction

Unit vector
-​ Vector with a magnitude of exactly 1
along a certain direction Triangle laws
Pros
Î (eye-hat) -​ Fast and straight forward
-​ Unit vector in the direction of the -​ Can be mentally imagined easily
x-axis
 -​ Can work more effective at times Addition of 3D vectors
when less information is given in a
problem
Cons
-​ Impractical when there are lor of
vectors
-​ Direction of the resultant can be
difficult to calculate sometimes,
depending on the given

The component method

-​ Each vector in the 2D space can be
represented by the sum of two
vectors along the x-axis and along
y-axis

Pros
-​ Can be done without a figure
-​ Effective when adding many vectors example
-​ Able to extract the components
along and directions
Cons
-​ Is less intuitive than the triangle laws
-​ Sometimes be difficult to do if the
given values in the problem are
limited

Cartesian vector representation

The scalar product (dot product)

Properties of dot product

Translational kinematics

Translational motion
-​ Movement of a body form one point
in space to another without rotation

Types of translational motion

1.​ Rectilinear motion
-​ Motion along a straight path
2.​ Curvilinear motion
-​ Motion along a curved path

Kinematics
-​ Branch of classical mechanics that
describes the motion of objects
without considering the forces that
cause the said movement.

Vector / cross product Bodies in Free Fall

-​ When an object is in free fall, it
experiences a more-or-less constant
gravitational force which causes it to
accelerate at a constant arte. This
rate is what we call gravitational
acceleration g.
-​ g = 9.81 m/s^2
= 32.2 ft/s^2
= 386.22 in/s^2
Projectile Motion -​ This force is always
Assumptions perpendicular to the surface
-​ No air resistance that applied it.
-​ Motion of along horizontal and
vertical are independent

Kinetics
-​ The branch of classical mechanics
that deals with the forces involved in
motion

Force
-​ An interaction between two bodies -​ When a body presses
or between a body and its against a surface, the
environment surface (even a seemingly
rigid one) deforms and
Types of forces pushes on the body with a
Contact forces normal force that is
-​ Applied force perpendicular to the surface.
-​ Spring force
-​ Drag force 3.​ Friction (f)
-​ Frictional force -​ A force directed along the
-​ Normal force surface, opposite in the
Long-range forces direction to the intended
-​ Magnetic force motion. This force is caused
-​ Electric force by the roughness of the
-​ Gravitational force surfaces in contact with each
other.
Particular forces we will be using
1.​ Weight (W or w)
-​ The weight of a body is the
magnitude of the net force
required to prevent the body
from falling freely, as
measured by someone on
the ground
-​ The weight of the body is
equal to the magnitude of
F(R) of the gravitational force
on the body
2.​ Normal Force (N)
-​ Force applied to the body by
the surface/s it is in contact
with.
Free body diagrams Newton’s 1st law (law of inertia)
-​ A sketch of the body showing all -​ First law. An object at rest stays at
forces that act on it. rest unless acted on by an external
-​ The term free implies that all force.
supports have been removed and -​ An object in motion continues to
replaced by the forces (reactions) travel with constant speed in a
that they exert on the body straight line unless acted on by an
external force.
General Guidelines for drawing FBDs Layman’s statement
-​ Isolate and draw the body under -​ A body acted on by no net force
observation moves with constant velocity (which
-​ Draw all the forces applied to the may be zero) and zero acceleration
body
-​ Do not include forces that the body Technical statement
exerts on another body
-​ Forces that the body exerts on itself
are never included
Newton’s 2nd law (law of acceleration)
Specific guidelines for drawing FBDs -​ Acceleration of an object is directly
-​ A sketch of the body is drawn proportional to the net force acting
assuming all the supports have been on it, and the reciprocal of the mass
removed of the object is the constant of
-​ All applied forces are drawn and proportionality.
labeled on the sketch. The weight of Layman’s statement
the body is considered to be an -​ If a net external force acts on a
applied force acting on the center of body, the body accelerates. The
gravity direction of acceleration is the same
-​ The support reactions are drawn and as the direction of the net force. The
labeled on the sketch. If the sense of mass of the body times the
the reaction is unknown, it should be acceleration of the body equals the
assumed net force vector.
-​ All relevant angles and dimensions Technical statement
are shown on the sketch

Newton’s law of motion

-​ Set of rules which relate the forces
acting on a body to its motion. In the
desire to describe the motion around Newton’s 3rd law (action-reaction)
him, Newton then invented what we -​ When two bodies interact, the force
now know as calculus. He F(ba) exerted by object B on object
developed all this and more while in A is equal in magnitude and
quarantine for the bubonic plague in opposite in direction to the force
1665 at 24 years old. F(ab) exerted by A on object B.
Layman’s statement
-​ If body A exerts a force on body B
(an action), then body B exerts a
force on body A (a reaction). These
two forces have the same magnitude
but are opposite in direction. These
two forces act on different bodies.
Technical statement

Frictional forces
-​ In real world, friction exits between
the surfaces of the bodies we are
observing. Thus in this section we
will discuss newton’s laws while
including friction
-​