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Communication Prototypes

A communication protocol is a set of rules that enables reliable data exchange between devices, defining how data is formatted, transmitted, and received. There are various types of communication, including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex, as well as serial and parallel communication methods. Examples of specific protocols include UART for serial communication, SPI for high-speed short-distance communication, I2C for multi-device communication, and CAN for real-time applications in automotive and industrial systems.

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Patale Akshay
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10 views8 pages

Communication Prototypes

A communication protocol is a set of rules that enables reliable data exchange between devices, defining how data is formatted, transmitted, and received. There are various types of communication, including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex, as well as serial and parallel communication methods. Examples of specific protocols include UART for serial communication, SPI for high-speed short-distance communication, I2C for multi-device communication, and CAN for real-time applications in automotive and industrial systems.

Uploaded by

Patale Akshay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is Communication

Protocol?
A communication protocol is a set of rules and
Communication standards that enable devices to exchange data
reliably. These protocols define how data is

Protocols formatted, transmitted, and received in a network


or system.

Example :
Just like humans use languages to communicate,
devices use protocols like UART, SPI, I2C, and
CAN to transfer information.
Data Transmission Types
Simplex: One device transmits and other device receive. Communication is
possible in one direction only.

Half - Duplex: Two devices can send and receive from each other, two-
way communication but only one way at a time.

Full - Duplex: Communication is possible in both directions, both sides


can transmit and receive at the same time.
Types of Communication
Serial Communication: Serial communication is a method of transmitting
data one bit at a time over a communication channel. It is widely used in
embedded systems, networking, and computer peripherals due to its
simplicity and efficiency in long-distance communication.
Types of Serial Communication:
Synchronous Communication:The sender and receiver share a common
clock.
Asynchronous Communication:No shared clock; instead, start and stop
bits are used for synchronization.
Example: UART,RS-232,SPI,CAN,I2C,USB
Parallel Communication: Parallel communication is a method of data
transmission where multiple bits are sent simultaneously over multiple channels
(wires or traces). It is commonly used in high-speed data transfers, such as
computer buses and printers.
Synchronous Parallel Communication: Data is transmitted with a clock signal to
ensure proper timing.
Example: RAM (Random Access Memory) communication with the CPU.
Asynchronous Parallel Communication: No clock signal; data is sent with
control signals like "Ready" and "Acknowledge.“
Example: Communication between a computer and a printer (legacy parallel
ports).
UART
• UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) is a hardware communication
protocol used for serial data transfer between devices. It is asynchronous, meaning it
does not require a shared clock signal between the transmitter and receiver. Instead, it
uses start and stop bits for synchronization.
How UART Works
• UART converts parallel data (inside the microcontroller or CPU) into serial data
for transmission and vice versa. It operates using two primary lines:
1. TX (Transmit) – Sends data.
2. RX (Receive) – Receives data.
• Each UART module operates independently, and devices must agree on baud rate
and other settings for proper communication.
SPI
• SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is a high-speed, synchronous serial communication
protocol used for short-distance communication between microcontrollers, sensors,
and peripherals. It is faster than UART and I2C and operates in a master-slave
architecture.
How SPI Works
• SPI uses four main lines for communication:
1. MOSI (Master Out Slave In) – Data sent from Master to Slave.
2. MISO (Master In Slave Out) – Data sent from Slave to Master.
3. SCLK (Serial Clock) – Clock signal generated by the Master.
4. SS (Slave Select) / CS (Chip Select) – Selects the active Slave.
I2C
• I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) is a synchronous serial communication protocol that
allows multiple devices (masters and slaves) to communicate over just two wires. It
is widely used for connecting microcontrollers, sensors, displays, and other
peripherals.
How I2C Works
• I2C uses two main lines for communication:
1. SDA (Serial Data Line) – Transfers data between devices.
2. SCL (Serial Clock Line) – Synchronizes communication.
• Master: Controls the clock (SCL) and initiates communication.
• Slaves: Respond when addressed by the master.
• I2C supports multiple masters and multiple slaves on the same bus.
CAN
• CAN (Controller Area Network) is a robust, high-speed serial communication
protocol designed for real-time applications in automotive, industrial, and
embedded systems. It allows multiple devices (nodes) to communicate without a
central master.
How CAN Works
• CAN follows a multi-master, message-based protocol where all nodes can send and
receive messages but prioritize based on message ID (identifier).
• Uses Two Main Lines:
1. CAN_H (CAN High)
2. CAN_L (CAN Low)

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