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4 Types of Rocks

The document provides an overview of petrology, the scientific study of rocks, and their classification into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types based on formation processes. It explains the rock cycle, detailing how rocks transform through processes like weathering, deposition, and metamorphism. Additionally, it describes the characteristics and formation of different rock types, including their textures and compositions.

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apprilvillamor
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20 views63 pages

4 Types of Rocks

The document provides an overview of petrology, the scientific study of rocks, and their classification into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types based on formation processes. It explains the rock cycle, detailing how rocks transform through processes like weathering, deposition, and metamorphism. Additionally, it describes the characteristics and formation of different rock types, including their textures and compositions.

Uploaded by

apprilvillamor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Directions: To come up with the correct

answer for each number, unscramble


the letter by placing the correct
sequence in the shaded box. Use
number boxes to complete the answer
to the riddle.
PETROLOGY
 It is the scientific study of
rocks. Rocks are
combined aggregation of
minerals.
 Petrologist classified
rocks based on how they
were formed. In general,
rocks are classified as
igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic rock.
 A rock is a naturally occurring
solid mixture of one or more
minerals, or organic matter

 Rocks are classified by how


they are formed, their
composition, and texture

 Rocks change over time


through the rock cycle
The Rock Cycle
• The rock cycle shows how
one type of rocky material
gets transformed into
another
– Representation of how rocks are
formed, broken down, and
processed in response to
changing conditions
– Processes may involve
interactions of geosphere with
hydrosphere, atmosphere and/or
biosphere
– Arrows indicate possible process
paths within the cycle
1. How are igneous rocks transformed
and become a sedimentary rock?
1. How are igneous rocks transformed
and become a sedimentary rock?

When igneous rock undergo


weathering and carries by
different agents then undergo
deposition, compaction and
cementation
2. What are the processes involved in
the transformation of igneous rocks to
sedimentary rocks?
2. What are the processes involved in
the transformation of igneous rocks to
sedimentary rocks?

Weathering, deposition,
compaction and
cementation
3. How are sedimentary rocks transformed
into metamorphic rocks? What are the
processes involved in the transformation?
3. How are sedimentary rocks transformed
into metamorphic rocks? What are the
processes involved in the transformation?

Through natural process


sedimentary rocks undergo process
of continues heating and pressure
these rocks are transformed into
metamorphic rocks
4. How are metamorphic rocks transformed into
igneous rocks? What are the processes involve
in the transformation?
4. How are metamorphic rocks transformed into
igneous rocks? What are the processes involve in
the transformation?

Metamorphic rocks
undergo process of cooling
and crystallization
The Rock Cycle
• Magma is created by melting of rock
above a subduction zone
• Less dense magma rises and cools
to form igneous rock
• Igneous rock exposed at surface
gets weathered into sediment
• Sediments transported to low areas,
Convergent plate boundary
buried and hardened into sedimentary
rock
• Sedimentary rock heated and squeezed at
depth to form metamorphic rock
• Metamorphic rock may heat up and melt
at depth to form magma
• Igneous rock forms when
magma cools and solidifies
 Magma can form:
▪ When rock is heated
▪ When pressure is released
▪ When rock changes
composition
 Derived from the latin word
“ignis” meaning fire. http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/igneous.htm
Igneous Rock Identification
• Igneous rock names are based on texture (grain
size) and mineralogic composition
• Textural classification
– Plutonic rocks are coarse-grained and cooled slowly at
depth
– Volcanic rocks are typically fine-grained and cooled
rapidly at the Earth’s surface
• Compositional classification
– Mafic rocks contain abundant dark-colored
ferromagnesian minerals rich in Ca, Fe, Mg
– Felsic rocks contain abundant light-colored minerals
rich in Al, K, Si, Na
Coarse-Grained Fine-Grained

Felsic

Granite Rhyolite

Mafic

Gabbro Basalt
 Intrusive Igneous Rocks:
magma pushes into
surrounding rock below the
Earth’s surface. Ex. granite

 Extrusive Rocks: forms when


magma erupts onto the Earth’s
surface (lava), cools quickly
with very small or no crystals
formed. Ex. basalt
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/ig_intrusive.html&edu=high&fr=t
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid
cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form.

Is this rock Felsic or


Mafic?

Is it fine-grained or
coarse-grained?

Is this rock Intrusive or


Extrusive?

Mafic, fine grained, extrusive


 Sedimentary rock is formed by weathering
and erosion
 Sediments are moved from
one place to another
 Sediments are deposited in
layers, with the older ones
on the bottom
 The layers become compacted
and cemented together http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/sediment.htm
 Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or near the
Earth’s surface

 No heat and pressure involved

 Strata – layers of rock

 Stratification – the process in


which sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers
Clastic – made of fragments of rock
cemented together with calcite or quartz
Breccia is a term most often
used for clastic sedimentary
rocks that are composed of
large angular fragments
(over two millimeters in
diameter).

The spaces between the


large angular fragments can
be filled with a matrix of
smaller particles or a mineral
cement that binds the rock
together.
Chemical sedimentary – minerals crystallize
out of solution to become rock
Limestone is a sedimentary rock
composed primarily of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of
the mineral calcite. It most
commonly forms in clear, warm,
shallow marine waters.

It is usually an organic
sedimentary rock that forms
from the accumulation of shell,
coral, algal and fecal debris.
Organic sedimentary – remains of plants and
animals
Coal is an organic
sedimentary rock that
forms from the
accumulation and
preservation of plant
materials, usually in a
swamp environment.

Coal is a combustible rock


and along with oil and
natural gas it is one of the
three most important
fossil fuels.
 Meaning to change shape

 Changes with temperature


and pressure, but remains
solid

 Usually takes place deep in


the Earth
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/metamorph.htm
 Contact Metamorphism – heated by nearby magma
 Increased temperature changes the composition of
the rock, minerals are changed into new minerals

Hornfels is a fine-grained non-foliated


metamorphic rock produced by
contact metamorphism
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_contact.html&edu=h igh&fr=t
 Regional Metamorphism –
pressure builds up in rocks
that is deep within the Earth

 Large pieces of the Earth’s


crust collide and the rock is
deformed and chemically
changed by heat and pressure

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_regional.html&edu=high&fr=t
 Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat
minerals
Gneiss is foliated
metamorphic rock
that has a banded
appearance and is
made up of granular
mineral grains.

It typically contains
abundant quartz or
feldspar minerals.
 Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not
arranged in plains or bands
Marble is a non-
foliated metamorphic
rock that is produced
from the
metamorphism of
limestone.

It is composed
primarily of calcium
carbonate.
 Determine if the following rock samples are
foliated or non-foliated:

Amphibolite Quartzite Phyllite

Non-foliated Non-foliated Foliated

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