Logarithm 33

Inequalities, Modulus and

B. LOGARITHM
B1. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
called the
number such that a > 0 and a * l then an exponential function is a function in the form f(x) = a where a is
Ifais any realInumber, For example.f) =2.g (r) =(4/7) are exponential functions.
haseand.r can be any
Here, the
and apolynomial, The function g (x) =*is a polynomial.exponent.
There is abig difference between an exponential function 3 is an exponential function; the variable is the
variable xisbeing raised to some constant power. The function f(x) =
or1'. Since f(r) = 0 = 0 and fa) = = 1, these two are constant
Uere the restriction on the base `a' 1s that it cannot be '0'
exponential functions have. Also, negative numbers as base are
.tions and won'thave many of the same properties that general
function evaluation. For instance. ifa=4 then the function would be of
ided so that we don't get any complex values out of the evaluation
f(x) = (4), which gives f (0.5)= (4); a complex number. So, only real numbers should arise from function
e fom
a negative number.
and to make sure of this, a should not be

B1.1 Graph of Exponential Function and Its Properties

and on increasing the value ofx fromx=0 onwards,
value of yincreases,
= l,
Consider exponential function y=f(«)=2*. Here, f(0) increasing function.
= 2,f(2) = 4,f(10) = 1024... When xapproaches to infinity, 2 approaches to infinity. Thus, f(x) is an
ie.f(l) function
negative values ofx. For example, f(-1) = 0.5, f(-2) = 0.25, f(-3) = 0.125... Thus, graph of the
Now, consider some
crosses x-axis, as 2>0, xe R. When
gets closer to to x-axis, but never touches or 8
to 0. This means that there is a
Iapproaches to negative infinity, 2 approaches 7
horizontal asymptote at the x-axis or =0. 6
discussion, the graph of y = f(r) = 2 can be plotted as shown
From the above 5
in the adjacent figure: y= 2*
4
in increasing function in its domain R.
From the graph we can see that f(x) =2' is function 3+
x-axis, ie., 2' >0. Thus, range of the
Also, the graph always remain above through the point 2
ofy =f(x) = 3' passing
is (0, oo). Similarly, we can draw the graphgraph
the off (x) = 2". In fact, this patten of
(0, 1) and having the same nature as any base which is greater than l (a> 1). Also, I2 3 4 5
lhe graph is common for f(x) = a' for when -54 3-2- of
a' = 1for any value ofa. For a> 1,
all graphs pass through the point (0, 1) as
I, >, we have a': > a
fromx=0 onwards value of
functiony=fr) = (0.5. Here. f(0) = 1, and on increasing the value of x
Now, consider the becomes exactly zero. Thus
0.5. f(2) = 0.25. ... Whenx approaches to infinity, 2 approaches to zero but never ofx becomes
ydecreases as f(1) =
Also. f(-) =2.f(-2) = 4,f-3) = 8 and so on. Thus, value of 2 increases as the value
J) is decreasing function. shown in the following figure.
the function can be plotted as
more and more negative. The graph of

7
\= (0.5%
4

5 4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
 34 Inequalities, Modulus and Logarithm
From the graph we can see that y f() (0.5) is an decreasing function in its domain. In fact, this pattern of
common for S()
f a' for any base which is less than 1(0<a<), Also, all graphs pass throughthe point (0, ) as a thea | grforaph is
value of a. For 0<a<l, when x, >N,. we have d''> o' any
B1.2 Graph of Exponential Function for Different Bases
v= (0.4) y (0.2)
2,5
y=3
2.0

1.5

0.5
y= (0.4
(0.2y
-1 0.8 -0.6 -0,4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

B2. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

The logarithm of anumber to a given base is the
exponent to
example, the logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 10 to thewhich
the base must be raised in order to produce that number. For
10" is called the base of the logarithm. Similarly, log,64 is power of 3 is 1000, i.e., 10° = 1000. We write log,o1000 =3.
Here.
the value to which '2' must be raised to get 64. Since 2" =
-6. Thus ifa =y. then we have log,y =x. In 64, log,64
value. Also, y= a>0, so log,v is defined only exponential function y = , xcan take any real value, so log,y can also take any real
if y> 0. Thus, we can define logarithmic
having domain (0, o) and range R. Thus, logarithmic function as f (r) = log,X, a>0, a
function is actually inverse of exponential function. So, domain and range of1,
exponential function are range and domain of logarithmic function, respectively.
B2.1 Graph of the Logarithmic Function
If we consider any point (p, g) on the graph of y= , we
of y = logr. Thus for any point (p, q) on the have q=d'. So we have p= log,4, or there is a point (g, p) on the
graph ofy =, we have a point (g. p) on the graph of y= log,x. graph
the mirror image of the point (p, q) in the line y =x, we can Since point (4. p) is
=d in line y=x. Thus graphs ofy = and y= log xare draw the graph ofy = log,r by taking the mirror image of the graph ofy
CASE I: When a>1 symmetrical about the line y=xas shown in the following figure.

y= a
/y=x
(0, 1)
y= logx
1, 0)

From the graph we can see that y = log,x is an

x approaches to increasing function in its
infinity. The value of log approaches to negative infinity as domain. The value of log r approaches to intiniy a
x approaches to 0. Also for x, > X,, we have logr
log,1
 Logarthm 35
Inequalities, Modulus and

0 <a <1
CsEIl: When

y=x
(0, 1)

y= log

infinity
From the graph we can see that y=logx is decreasing function in its domain. The value of log xapproaches to negative
we have log2
as xapproaches to infinity. The value of log, approaches to positive infinity as x approaches to 0. Also for x, >xj,
<logi

B2.2 Graphs of the Logarithmic Function for Different Bases

2
y= logx
y= logr

y=loga

(
y= logo.2X

y=logo.gr

value of base 'a' passes through the point (1, 0) on x-axis.

Since a =1, we have log.l = 0. Thus, graph of y= logx for any
Also, since a' = a. we have log.a = 1, for any base `a'.

Notes: as the decadic logarithm, named after its base. It is

Common Jogarithm is the logarithm with base 10. It is also known
indicated by log.).
irational constant approximately equal to 2,718281828.
Natural logarithm is the logarithm to the base e, where e 1s an
natural logarithm is generally written as In (r) or
Here, e is defined exactly as e =(l+ l/m)" as mincreases to intinity. The
log, («).
36 Inequalities, Modulus and Loganithm
B3. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF LOGARITHM
1. For m, n >0; log,(mn) =
log,m +log,
Proof: Let log, m=. Then 'm.
Also, let log, ny. Then n.
mn a

log, (mn) -ty

log, (mn) =log, m+log, n
In general for positive rational
numbers N, X. A, we have
log, (, x A, X... Xx)= log, x, + log, x,t ... + log, ,
2. For m, n > 0; lo = log, m- log, n
Proof: Let log. m=x. Then a = m.
Also, let log, n =y. Then a = n.
m a
a'

logo
loga = log, m - log, n

3. For nm, n >0; log, (m") =n

log, m
Proof: Let log, m=x. Then a= m.
(ay = m" ’ "= m" ’ log, (m") = nx
log, (m") =n. log, m
4. For m, a, b> 0and a 1, b+1;
log, m = log, m
log, a
Proof: Let log, m=x.
Then a= m.
log, (a)= log, m
x log, a = log, m (Taking log to the base b]
log, m log, a= log, m
loB, m
log, m=
log, a
Replacing b by min the above result, we get
log, m= log, m
logm a

log, m =
log,m a [:: log, m=1]
5. For a, n >0anda# l; aB, " = n
Proof: Let log, n =x.
Then a=n.
 37
Inequalities, Modulus and Logarithm

log, M= n [Putting the value of xin a =n]

glog,8=8, 23log, =2log, s' -5,s-2og, 3 slog, 3? =3'=- ctc.
e.g-.

P = P log, n
6. log.,
Proof: Let log,, n =x and log, n =y.
Then, (a)=and a'=n
G=and a' =
ar=n and (a'Y = n

qx=YP

y
nP = log, n.
7. alog = log a
Proof: Let aoge =p
log,e = logP
logc log p
logb log a
log a log p
log b log c
log,a = logP
p=coa
alog c = logs a

Ilustration 1 Which of the following numbers are positive/negative?

() log,7 (i) logo2 (ii) loga1/5) (iv) log,3
() log, (log, 9)
Solution
(0) Let log,7 =x ’ 7=2 ’ x>0
(ü) Let log, 3=x ’ 3=0.2* ’x<0
(m) Let log,a(1/5) =x ’ /5 =(1/3 5=3 >0
(V) Let log,3 =x 4=3 >|’>0
x>0
() Let log, (log, 9) =x ’ log, 9 = 2 ’ 9=2 ’ 2>| ’

Ilustration 2 What is Logarithm of 324 to the base 2v2?

Solution
log,324
loges, (2945)
 38 Inequalities, Modulus and Logarithm

loga,(2,
2 27
3 log, 2 = =3.6

Illustration 3 Which is greater x log, 5 ory = log1, 257

Solution

=log,, 17 -log, 17
and - log, 3=
2
log, 9
>y

Illustration 4 Ify= 2es, then find xin terms of y.

Solution
J= 2log, 4
1
log, y =
log, 4
(": x>0, x* |)
log, y=log, x= 2 log, x
2 log, y = log, x
log, y = log, x

Illustration 5 Find the value of 81(/log, 3) 4+ 270g, 36

434/log, 9
Solution
8log, 3) + 27log, 36 +34/log, 9
-(3)s.+(3) (6)434log, 7
= 3log, s
+ (3° ylog, (6) +3log, ?
= $' +3log, 6' +32log, 7
=s4 +6+ 3log, 7 = 625 +
216+ 72 =890
Illustration 6 Prove that number log,7 is an
Solution
irrational number.
Let us assume that
log,7 is a rational number.
log,7 = P
where p, q (q 0) are
integers
7= 29
79 = 2P: which is not
Hence, log,7 is not rational.
possible for any integral values ofp and q.
 Logarithm 39
Inequalities, Modulus and

lustration7 Find the value of log, 4 x log, 5x log, 6x log, 7x 8

log, x log, 9,
Solution
log, 4 xlog45 xlog, 6x log, 7 xlog, 8 xlog, 9
log 4 log5,log6 log7, log8 log9
X
log3 log 4 log5 log6 log7 log8
log9 log, 9 = 2
log3
lustration 8 If=b., b' = cand = a, then find the value xyz.

Solution
d'=b ’x= log,b
B'=c ’y=log,c
’ z=log,a
logb logc loga
yz = (log,b) (log,c) (log,a) = loga logb logc

81 25 16
Find the value of 3log,
Tllustration 9
80 +5l082 24 4
+7log, 15
Solution
81 25 16
Slog, 80 +5\0B2 24 +7 log215
3 2
= 3log2
2.5
+5l0g2,3.3 +7l0B2 3-5
=3(4 log,3 -4 log, 2- log, 5) +5(2 log, 5-3 log, 2- log, 3) + 7(4 log, 2- log, 3-log, 5)
= log, 2 =1

2°8,u4 * glog,,(r +1' -2x

Illustration 10 Prove that >0; xE R.
74log49 x-l
Solution

y=
o8glog, (a' +1-2x
74log49 -x-1
x-(a +2x +I)
x-x-1
=txt 1
=(x +I/2 + 3/4> 0; xe R
Concept Application Exercise 1
1, Iflogox=y, then find the value of logi000 *.
Z. Find the value of log, log,log,log, 512.
3. If log a b=3,then find the value of b.
3
4. Prove that log, -|-3 log, 2.
log7
 40 Inequalities, Modulus and Logarithm

5. Prove that 4
1
1+ log, be 1+ log, ca |+ log, ah
6. If log, 2 m, then prove that log 28 -
2

7. Find the vahue of 7 16 25 81

log+S log +3 log 80

8. Ife' - 7ab, prove that

log-(log a+log b).
9. Ifd -p-e-d, show that log, (hd) =
x+
10. If log, (ab)= then cvaluate log, (ab) in
terms of x.
l1. Find the greatest integer less than or cqual to the
12. Which is greater, m=
number log, 15-log62-log, 1/6.
(log,S)' or n = log,20?
B4. LOGARITHMIC EQUATION
While solving a logarithmic equation we tend to simplify it
may not define all the terms in the initial first. Solving equation after
of domain of the equation. equation. Thus, while simplification may give some roots which
solving equations involving logarithmic function we must take care
Illustration 11
Solve: log,8 + log ( t3)- log (r-1) =2
Solution
log,8 + log, (r + 3)- log, (x - 1) = 2
8(x +3)
log4 =2

8(x+3) =4?
X-1
x+3=2x-2
x=S

Also, forx= 5, all terms of the equation are

defined.
Illustration 12 Solve: log ()=2 log (x + 1)
Solution
By definition, x<0 and x + 1>0
-|<x<0
Now log (-x) =2 log (x.+ 1)
-x= (r+ 1

-3+ V5 -3- V5
2 2

Hence, x= -3+ 5 is the only solution.

2
 41
Inequalites, Modulus and Logarithm

lustration13 Solve: log, (3x- 2) 1log

Solution
log, (3r-2) =log1* -log, x log, x!

rlora-1/3,
2):
)and log1 are meaningful ifx >2/3. Hence x |.
Butlog,(3r -
lustration 14 Solve: log,(2 x 4-1)+4=2r
Solution
log, (2 x 4'-1) +4 =2r
log, (2 x4-1)= 2r -4
2x42- =4-4
(Putting y=4
Zy -l =y
-2y+ 1=0
y=l
42 =|
I=2

Illustration 15 Solve: 2x +227r-1)=9

Solution
2227I- ) =9
Taking log of both sides, we get

(x+ 2) log 2 + log 27 = log9

x-1

(r+ 2) log 2 + X-1 3log 3 = 2log3

(r+2) log2 +

log 3
x=-2 or x- | =
log 2
x=-2, | - log 3
log 2

Illustration 16 Solve: 6(log,2-log,) +7=0

Solution
6(log,2-log,r) + 7 =0
6(log2 log,r) +7= 0
 42 IneIUalities, Modtlus and Logarithm

(Putting log,2)
314 21 - 91 6=0
(1-3)(3y+ 2) -0

log,1 = 3 or-23
A8 or-2 23

Tlustration 17 Solve: (log,) (log,9)-log,25 +log,2

Solution =log,54
(log,x) (log,9) - log,25 + log,2 = log,$4
log x log 9
log 3 log 5 2 log, S + log, 2 =3+ log, 2
2 log -2 log,5 = 3
2-2= 3t, wheret= logx
2-31-2=0
(2r+ 1) ( -2) =0 (Putting logr =)
I=-1/2 or =2
log = - 12 or logñ=2
x=1N5 x = 25

Tllustration 18 Solve: (
Solution -(3)-2-0
Let
(aisi'y =(3ogoy =1.
Then, given equation reduces to
r--2= 0
(1- 2) ( + l) =0
I=2
(As =-l is not possible)
(3g,o) =2
log ,x =log,2
= log, 2

B5. LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES

B5.1 Some Important Inequalities
1. If log, > logy Jx>y, if a>1
|0<<y, if 0<a<l
2. If log,>y >u', f a>1
0<<a', if 0<u<l
3. log,>0 x>l and a> I or0<r<| and () < s|
 Logarthm 43
Inequalities, Modulus and

lustration 19 Solve: log, (r-I)>4

Solution
>4
log,(r-1)
I-l>24
>17

s2
lustration 20 Solve: log, (r- 2)
Solution
log, (r - 2) s2
0<x-2s3?
2<xSllI

Tlustration 21 Solve: logo3(-x+l)>0

Solution
logo (-x+
: l) >0
0<-rtl <(0.3)0
0<r-xt+ |<1
r-rtl>0and x-x<0
x(r-1) <0
x)
0<x<las x-xt | = (*- 1/2)' + 3/4 > 0for all real

Illustration 22 Solve: logo -3| 20

Solution
logo r-3|20
0<x-3| s(0.2)
0<lr-3| s1
-1sx-3s1 and X-3#0
2sxs4 and x+3
xe (2,4] - (3}

Tlustration 23 Solve: log,+)(-)<1

Solution
log, 3) ( -)<1
x(x-1)>0 ()
x>lorx<0 (2)
Let x+3>| x>2
Then, we havex-x<x+3
t-2x-3<0
(r-3) (x + 1)<0 (3)
xe (-1,3)
So, from (1), (2) and (3), we get
xE(-1,0) (1,3)
 44
Inequalities, Modulus and Logarithm
Again, let 0 <x+3<1
-3<r<-2
Then
->+3 (4)
-2r-3>0
(x-3) (x+ 1) >0
xe (-,-l) v(3, )
So, from (1), (4) and (5), we (5)
get
xE(-3,-2)
So. finally xe
(-1,0)U(1,3) U-3,-2)
Illustration 24 Solve: logo.s 3-x <0
x+2
Solution
logos 3-X0
x+2

3-5(0.5)'
x+2

3-1
X+2

3-x
--|>0
x+2

3-x-x-2 >0
x+2

2x-lo
x+2
-2<x< /2

Illustration 25
Solve: log,(-1)s0
Solution
Given log,(-1)s0
If

0<-1sI
I<ts2
xe- 2,-1) u(1, 2]
xe (1, V2]
If 0<x<1 -121 22
xe (-, -2 ]u[2,o)

Thus, xe (1, V2 )
 titestration 26 Solve: lop

Solution

L+S- 2for a<0 and

rt -22 for > 0

So, from given inequality

log: r+2

x-_2>0
1+2
1+5
<0

-5<I<-2 (not possible)

¬0.

CoDcept Application Exercise 2

L Solve: 4log,6, + 2lg, 27 =0
2. Sove: log, (r - 1) =log, (x-3)
Solve: log, (2/17-2x) -|-log12(&-1)
4. Solve: (log, 2) (log,, 2) =log, 2is
5. Solve: log(-x) = log V (Base is 10)

6. Solve: 3 =345
7. Solve: , =2 and yo, = 16
8. Solve:

9. Solve. log, (u +2) (+ 4) +log1g (x +2) <log 7

16. Solve: log x<I
11, Solve: log,(k-2) 21
12. Solve: log, o (x 1)2 logo2 (x 1)
 neguaAus a koga
ineratet tutue and Logthm 47

12. Solutson sct of incqunl1ty log,nie 2r-)s9is 32. Pdact of fuots of the uustuon log, (5 125) og 6
JEE LEVEL EXERCISES (a) .I
(b) (1 , 2
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE 12. Iflog, n-2 and log,2 2. then thc value of log, 2h -) (b) L4

Level 1
(n) (b) (d) nonc of these 33. Iflng r log, y-2 and y 12. then the value of ry i5
. Numher of nteral values of ahsf Ing the ncquality (c) (d) 6 11, Iflogos ( I)<loga (r- ), then r lies in the interval (b) 12
(a) (2. m) (bi (L.2) (d) 21
I3. Ifa' -1, then the value of log, (u')cquals (c) (-2.-)
(b) 4 (d) Nonc of these
(a) 5 34. If log, -05- log, e. then sequals
(b) 6
(d) 8/5 24, Solution set of the inequal1ty log -2 <0 is () 4 (b) 16
d)
14. Iflog, 5 a and log, 6 b then log, 2 is cqual to (d) norne of thec
(a) (-o, 2) (b) (2, >) 35. If +
(E - 1 0 0 { r -I) then
(a) (b)
() ratbonal (b) irathonal 2a +| (c) ( , 3) (d) J, -) (a) all the toots are positrve real murnbers
(c) prime (d) compasite (b) all the roots lie in the interval (0. 100)
(c) 2ab + I Level 2
1. The numherN6 iog. 2 log,, 31, hes erwcen rwo 2ab -I (c) all the roots lie in the interval -1.99}
25. Ifa2b> 1, then the largest poss1ble value of the expresson
sUcesve integers whose sum is cqual to (d) none of these
(a) 5
Is. If log,, 27 a, then log, 16 is equal to
b) a 16 The set of all values of s absfang ,i-r
(c) 9 (d) 10 () 2 (a) I (b) 0 (a) a suhset of R contanng N
4. log ah-log (c) 2 (d) none of thes b sabset ofR contang 2
(a) loga (b) log la 26. E (e) is a finite set coctanung at least wo elenents
(c) -iog a (d) None of these
>5 implies that
(a) xe (0, ) (b) (0, 1/5)U(5, -) (d) a fiute set
S. Lfr ;log b 16. A line x = k intersects
log,c log d, then log,d is the graph of y = log and y (c) re (0, o) (d) re (1. 2) 17 If tlng, 7og- }then value ofr will be
log, (x + 4). If the distance betwcen the points of
(b) l/4
(a) 6r
(b) 2r intersection is 0.5, then the value of kis 27. Iff0) -l o g .
then (a) 12
(d)
() 12 (d) 24 (a) 1 (c) 13
(b) 2
38. If the equation 4 - 4' s solved for y in tes of
6. The real roots of thc equation 7 h E s ) r - L are
(C) 3 (d) 4 (a) f(r)f)=fu, +) rwbere r<0, then the sum of the solutions
17. The yalue off 3ox ç, is (b) f(x + 2) - 2/(r+ I) +fr) = 0
and (b) 2 and 3 (c) f() +f(r+ l)-fr+) (a) r log, (l - 2) (b) log. (1 -2)
(c) 3 and 4 (a) 0 (b) (d) r log, (2 - )
(d) 4 and 5
(c) 2 (d) none of these (c) log-l-)
. The value of
log, 135 log, S (4) fis) + f ) " t 39. Nurmber of roots of the cquation log, I- log,, VE
18, 1f 2,84 3s 27. then I 0S equal to
log 3 logacs
(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 2 (b) 4
28. The value of log (ValWb) if log d - 4 is 0S

(c) 8 (b).
(c) 4 (d) none of these (d) 16 (a) 19/I2 (b) 17/6
(c) 3 (d)
19. Equation log, (3 -) log, s (3 + ) = log, (| (d) none of these
If (c) 14/
(4-(9) =(10) thenis cqual to logo (2r + 1) has
)+
29. If a log,, 18 and b= log,, 54 then the value of ub 40. Solution of the inequation logolog,
<0
(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) only one prime solution -l
5(u- b) is contains the nterval
(d) 30 (b) two real soiutions (b) 4
(a) 0 (b) (-, )
(c) no rcal solution (d) none of these (a) (1, )
9. The valuc of ( 2 3 is (C) I (d) none of these
(c) (1, )
a)4 (b) 5
(d) none of these 30. Suppose that a and b are positive real number such that
(c) (d) 8 20. Product of roots of the
equation log, (8 *²) =3 is log,a t log,b and log.b + loga= Then the 41. Soluten set of log, (r - )<log,-s
10. The value af rsatisfying A * ; (log, x' (b) (-1- 2)
value of ab is (a)-,-)
(b) 1/2 (a) 180 (b) 210
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1/3
(d) 1/4 (c) 240 (d) 243 (c)(-.:) (d) none of these
(C) 4 (d) nonc of these Iflogslogy - log
S1. Suppose x, , :>0 and diflerent than 1.
21. Solution set of the incquality log, (x 2) (x4)
U. The value of 49' gi , ç i ,4,. log ( +2)< 2o8, 7 is 42. Soluton set of the inequal1ty log,log,<0
(a) 27? (b) 25/2 =0, then the value of (b)(-3, 4 ) , )
(c) 625 16 (a) -2. -1) (a) (- 4, -3)
(d) none of thesc (b) (-2, 3) (base 10) is (d) 4 }8,)
(c) (I,3) (a) 100 (b) 100) (c) 3)
(d) (3, e)
(C) 0.0| (d) 000I
 48 neguales, AAou and Loart inenuaen Mortdyn ard Logartm 49

1. The real sotions of the cquaton 2 oe

43. Slutm t of tic inequslt (b)2 10. If thc equation at0. h1s cuctly one In Set of sil values ofr atsfyIng the
2'--2' (c) log (250) (d) log,, 4 3 quaton- s
(3) (1, ~)
aution fot , then the value of kivare
b) (0, log. (4 3) hen Set of valurs of r sfyng the in
(d) (0, log.(43))M) 3. Ifp.qe N satisfy the equation (a) 6 4 V2 (b) 2 6 Vi
(0and qane relatvely pine (d) 2-6 ertn lae log,
NUNERICAL VALUE TYrt (b) p and q are Iwin pime The x-values satisfying the equation
(c) p and g are copnme Codes
-I,
. 1log 4- kg, 8- loE,(4- 8) then 4cquals (where (d) iflogpis defincd thcn log,4 0s not and vice-versa (p () ir) (s)
(a) U) (2) (4) (3)
|reresent the grcate integer funton ) 4. Which of the following when simplified, reduces to (0) (b) |
unjty?
(4} ( (2)
2 Integral alue ef which satisfics the cquaton log 54 (c) 2 (d) 81 (e) 2}
(a) log,5 log,20 +(log,,2)
- og, it log 12. Ifre 9 is solution of log, (t 15a) - log, ta - 2) - (d) () (4) (3)
a 2log 2 + log 3
8ax
3. 1f e -logsl75 snd log,875 then the valuc of
log 48-log4 log.then
l-ah
(e) -log, log, /9 The value of log. log, leg 6
2loe2 N
64 (a) a = (b) a 3
Sum of all tntegral values ofs satisfy1ng the incquality (d) flog, (Sr-) log +| =1
(c) 15 (d) x2
log, , then
$. Iflogrb for permissible values ofa and xthen identify 13. The inequal1ty V r 2 2 is satisfied by Product af roots of the equation3)
the statement(s) which can be true
S The kcast ntcger greater than log. 15 -log,2log, 1.6 (a) If a and b are two imational numbers then r can be (a) only one valuc ofx
rational. Number of ntegers atisfy ng
3 (b) Ifa rational and b irational then x can be rational (b) xe log. i-2log, t-| -0s
6 The rocaprocal of
log, (2000) log. (200o) (c) Ifa irrational and b rational then x can be rational
(c) xE [4, )
(d) If a rational and h rational then x can be rational. Codes
7. Nurnher of tntegers less than or equal to 10 sat1sfying the (d) |<r<2
6. Iflog,e(4-)2log,2- log2(-), then xmay belong P
Inequalty 2log, (x - )s to LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE (a) ( 2) (4) (3)
log (b) () (4) () (2)
(a) (0,2] (b) (3,4)
(c) (1, 3] (d) [1,4) For Questions 1 and 2 (c) (2) 0 4) (3)
7. If log5a and log,3 =b then Consider the systen of equations (d) (4) ) ) 3)
3(l-a) log, (log, x) + loga (log2v) = Iand ry =9
log. (a) log,, &= (b) logo 15 = +b
10-221 h+1 3-2a I. The value of xlies in the interval List I List Il
(a) (200, 300) (b) (400, 500) The value of 3tlog 4) s
I-a
9. The value of Neog S0 log, 10 (c) log,32 = (d) all of these (c) (700, 800) (d) nonc of these
6
2. The value of l/y lies in the interval The vaiue of
8. Which among the following are true?
10. Ifa.:re postive real mumbers such that log.,: 3 (a) (5, 7) (b) (7. 10)
log,, : 6 and log,. : 23 then the value of (2:) (a) 81og zlog, 36) q(4/log. 9) - 890 (c) (11, I5) (d) (25, 30)

(b) log, 135 log, 5

log 3 log 4os 3
=3
MATRIX MATCH TYPE The value of Vse
11. Thc lcast tntegral valuc of satisfying thc cquation
r-l log r- - 1 log x log, 135 log, 5 In cach of these questions, match List I with Lst I and then
(c) choose the coTect option from amongst the given codes.
log,, 3 log as 3
(s
The value ofi0 s) (1
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE (d) all of these
List
List ll
I. For a >, I the fouts of the cquatson log u log, a Codes
9 r
log -0 are gven by o E : "Ethen which of the following is (p) Set of all values of such that ()|-1. |

(b) are true?

"2s4n () (2)
(4) () )
of all values of such that (2)-L0) (b) (1)
fc) a (a) yz) (g) Set (c) () () (4) (3)
(b) 'y-1
log, ( - ) 0 i s
(d) nz
 h aaym e
he ral arsheng f
1 t el thr tesIees
(d) eg 4
hrfun for then fe ahe oft e s

T8) Pend g sre relstisels reme 42

NUMERICAL VALE TirE
1 The r salues stifying he égaton
(ond e are coprme Csdes
egns (wher
4 e)

ees the gcatg itege Fusctson 4. Whnh of the follewing hen siplified, teduees to
2. integrl velue of whch sstisfies the egustson log, 34
(n IngS log20 (log,2
ios l6 iog - L f 9s elution of log. r IS g, f
2 og 2 kog?
(b)
ing 4 -log 4 then
loged Iog-7 thee the value of
log. Ing, / The vaio of rg og, g,
(a) a (b) a-
4 Sum of e RCyrs values ol s satsfvig the lo
oqualits 6

S. Iflogå-forpermissible valucs of a and then identify ). The inequalty v 2 atsficd by

he statement(s) which can be truc? Pert f toot f th oratiem
S. T teast mtger grotes hhan log 15 log, (a) only one value of r
log. 1t (a) 1f a and are two rational numbers then can be
ratonal
(b) lfe ratonal and biational then s can be rational (b)
los, (20Oo ng. (20o (c) If a iratanal and b rational then a can be rational
(c) e (4,-)
(d) lf a rattonal and b rafional then r can
Nunsbet of ategen less shat ot equal {0 satstytng hc
be rational Codes
(d) I<A2
6. Iflog, (4- )2 log2 log, (- ), then may belong
kog
to
LINKED COMPREMENSION TYPE
(a) . 21 (b) (3. 4)
The (c) (1,3) (d) |1, 4) For Questions 1 and 2 37
valur of S iog el

7. If log5aund log,3 b hen Considet the sysiem of cqatiuas

ag (a) log8 31- a) a+b log, (log, ) log, (log,-)-l and n-9
10-2v21 (b) log 15 I. The value of r lis n the enteval
3-2a LaE
(a) (200, 300) (b) (400, 500)
9 The value of Aiog, S log. 10 (C) logy3? The vatu yfiogo
(d) all of these (c) (700, 800) (d) one of these
log log 5
8 Which among the follow 2. The value of /y ies in the interval
16. If ing are truc
t are pasit:e real ramhers such tliat (a) (5, 7) (b) (7. i0)
kog and iog
kog,i3. (a) 81
() (1, 15) (d) (25. 30)
-23 hen the vali of (
(b log, 135 log, $
1. ThE least Itegral valuc ot J
og,, 3 logas 3 MATRIX MATCH TYPE The a o f V2s
satisfysng the cquataan
135 log, 5 n cach ef these questions, match Lst l with LSt l ad hen
-13 choose the coTest optop trom aDUngst the gne codes
log,, 3 log as
MuLrIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYeE (d) all of these 1.

te Lst Lt
1 tc to uf th cquataun log. log c Cades
9. if log log lo then whch of the
t c gnen b Set of all valus of uh that
followng is
() are rue
valucs o f s h that C U)
Sct of all
(b) x'-I ic)
(d) y: (d)
50 uales Mod nd Loo
fneuaties, Maths and Logarthm 51
4
Codes
Lit1 (q) () (s)
JEE ARCHIVES
then (a) (2) (4) (D (3)
log,(eg. (1
qal to
og, (1 3 log, a)) (b) () (4) ) (2) JEE (MAIN)) 2021 QuESTIONS (ALL FouR Sess1oNS) Multiple Correct Answers Type
(c) (2) () (4) (3)
(Ç! r 100 hen (2) (d) (3) (1) (4) (2)
Single Correct Answer Type 1. Ify 4 then x
log
(kra equi to ,The sium of thc roots of the cquation -2log, (3+2) 2log,2
(b) -o,)
If onc of the roet of be cqoaton 2log, (10-2) -0, is
2os. NSog, (e) Ins. 2log, 3
then the other root is (a) log, 14 (b) log, 12 (e)
|- log, 3
If kog (4 3-6)- iog,( - 6 ) - | (4) (c) log, 13 (d) log, II
then t s equal t
(JEE Advanced 2013)
Numerical Value Type
Numerical Value Type
1. The number of solutions of the equation log(r - 1) 1. The value of
-log,(x -3) is
2. The number of solutions of thecequation 6-log
log.-(2r+ 7x+ 5) +logs s(+ l; -4-0, r >0, is (TT-JEE 2012)

2. The vahue of ((log. 9y' Cog, x is

JEE (ADVANCED) QUESTONS (2010-2021) (JEE Advanced 2018)
Single Correct Answer Type
1. Let (xn Vo) be the solution of the following equations: 3. Let m be the minimum possible value of
(2r)h? = (3y)la 3 log,(3' - 3' +3') where y, Fy are real numbers
3in 2iny tor which y,y: y 9. Let Mbe the muumum posszble
Then xo is vaiue of (log, +log, :+ log, z). where K. K, E, are
positive rcal nunbers forwhich r, , + 9 . Then the
(a) (b)
6 value of log, (m)log, ( ) s
JEE Advanced 2020)
(c) (d) 6 (IITJEE 2011)
52 egust Mt nc Logar lnggates Mehdt and Logait 53

24

(3,)
(iv

19. (6, K), (8, 10), and (10, 12)

20, 8SrS22
() 2s SI1
21
4 5. (--7) u-2,3)
6. ( , )
7. (83, 127I
a-y 10
8. (--32]v0, 43][4, )
9. (-2,-)uc23, -1/2)
10. (-. 13) 2 1
56 7

CONCEPT APPLICATION EXERCISE 4 24

1. (-6,-S]v[3,4) U(4,7) 2. (0, 3) and (4, 1)
3. ( 2) 4. (3/2. 2]
6. (-1,4]
7. (112, 56) 8. -6 <x< 10 22
9. (-6] J[-2, 4] U[8, -)
16 10. (-6] U[-1.2] 11. r=l
12. xS0 13. 0Sxs2
14. lsxS32
12 1s. (- 4) 2
10 16. (-2,-1]o|1, 2)

6 NCERT LEVEL EXERCISE R

4

2 1. ) no solution (ii) (... -5, 4,-3)

2. () -1, 0, 1,2, ..] (i) (-2, )
14-12-0&642/O24 6 10 12 14 18
3. (-, -3) 4. (-, 4] 23.
$. (,6) 6. (-120) 26.
7. (-,2] 8. (-, 2]
10 2-1
9,
12
-1 4

16 10. (0, ) I1. (-4,2]

12. (-23, 2]
2-10 -
CoNCEPT APPICATION EXERCISE 3
(ü) (9. 25)
(ü) (0, 9) (iv) (0, )
4 -3 -2 -1 4
 feguaes Aots a Lota hm
negea Mduus and Logarth $5

20
LINKED COMPREHENSIOM TYPE
I. ta) 2. (d) 4, di S. ai
104 6. (df

MATRX MATCH TYPE

1. (b) 3. tat

JEE ARCHIVES

JEE MAIN
Single Correct Answer Type
2. (4)
4

B. LOGARITHM

CONCEPT APPLICATtON ExERCISE 1

28 1. 23
3. 32 7. log?
10. 11. 2
32, S62.5 < 900 33. 9.6S MAS I6.8 I-1
12. >A
JEE LEVEL EXERCISES CONCEPT APPLICATION ExERCISE 2
SINGLE CoRRECT ANSWER TYPE 1. 9, 81 2

Level 1 3. 4 4 24:¿;
40
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 5. -1. -10 6. 9,3
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (C)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (d) I5. (D)

16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c) 9. -2<r<3 10. (-. 3) - 1)
0-N0-70 50 4n-10 -20-0 oo 20 0 40 ) 60 0 O o 21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (c)
26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b)
evel 2 JEE LEVEL EXERCSES
29. (b) 30. (d) 31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (a)
37. (b) 38. (c) SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE
34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (a)
39. (b) 40. (c) 41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (c)
48. (a)
Level 1
44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (c) 2. (b) 3. (5) 4. (b) 5. (d)
1. (C)
7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. ()
6. (b)
NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE I1. (b) 12. (b 3. (a) 14. (d)
4. (|) 5. (3) 17. (3) 18. () [9. (d) 20. (d)
1. (|) 2. (5) 3. (1) [6. (d)
6. (3) 7. (3) 8. (0.125) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a)

Level 2
MuLTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE 25. (b) 26. (b 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (c
2. (a). (b). (c) 32. (c) 13. (a) 34. (d
1. (a). (b). (c) 30. (d) 31. (d
3. (b). (c). (d) 4. (a). (b) 35. (C) 36. (d 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b)
5. (a), (b) 6. (a). (b), (c), (d) 40. (a) 41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (d)
7. (a). (b) 8. (a), (b)
56 Inequalities, Modulus and Logarithm

NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE 7. (a), (b), (c), (d) 8. (a), (b)

9. (a), (b), (c), (d) 10. (a), (c)
1. (6) 2. (4) 3. (5) 4. (3) 5. (3) 12. (b), (c)
11. (c). (d)
6. (6) 7. (9) 8. (6) 9. (2) 10. (5)
11. () 13. (b). (c)

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

MuLTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE
1. (a). (d) 1. (c) 2. (b)
2. (b). (c), (d)
3. (a), (c), (d) 4. (a). (b), (c)
5. (a). (b), (c), (d) 6. (a), (b)
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d)

JEE ARCHIVES

JEE (MAIN)
Single Correct Answer Type
1. (d)
Numerical Value Type
1. (1) 2. (1)
JEE (ADVANCED)
Single Correct Answer Type
1. (c)
Multiple Correct Answers Type
1. (a), (b), (c)

Numerical Value Type

1. (4) 2. (8) 3. (8.00)