COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

EE-351
MUHAMMAD MOAZZAM ALI
PHD WIRELESS COMMUNIC ATION

Office: B205, RIMMS

Email: [email protected]
 BOOKS

Textbook:

• B. P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems,”

4th Edition, Adapted by Hari M. Gupta, 2017, Oxford University
Press.
Reference Books:

• Introduction to Communication Systems by Ferral G. Stremler

• Analog and Digital Communication Systems by Martin S. Roden
• Communication System by John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi
 COURSE OVERVIEW

• Introduction to Communication Systems

• Analog Communication Systems

• Amplitude Modulation
• Angle Modulation
• Transmitter and Receiver Design

• Analog to Digital Conversion

• Digital Communication Systems

• Baseband Digital Communication
• Digital Modulation Schemes
Communication System
• Communication is the process of exchanging information between source and
destination
• Routing of information requires a communication link - Channel to transmit
information between source and destination.
• In past ages communication is carried over by runners, torches, pigeons etc.
Such mediums are now obsolete in modern communication systems.
• Communication engineering deals with transmitting information through
electrical signals, i.e. information or message such as spoken words, photographs,
live scenes and sounds are first converted to electrical signals before being
transmitted on communication link to receiver or destination.
• Electrical communication is reliable, fast and economical at the same time.
Modern communication has applications such as e-banking, e-shopping,
teleconferencing etc a possible reality.
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Goal
Carry information from one point to another
Major components ?
Source/Transmitter
Channel/Medium
Destination/Receiver

Figure below shows subsystems of a basic communication system in which

sending receiving and processing of information is in electrical form.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM: CHANNEL
IMPAIRMENTS

input output
TX Medium RX
signal signal
(channel)
s(t) ŝ(t)

• Attenuation
• Distortion
• Noise
• Interference
Channel:
A medium through which the transmitter output is sent.
Divided into 2 basic groups:
•Guided Electromagnetic Wave Channel – eg. wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber
•Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Channel – eg. Wireless broadcast channel, mobile
radio channel, satellite etc.
Introduces distortion, noise and interference – in the channel, transmitted signal is
attenuated and distorted. Signal attenuation increase along with the length of channel.
This results in corrupted transmitted signal received by receiver, Rx

Transmitted signal Received signal

channel

Distortion
& Noise
Communication channel can be modeled as a filter that changes the characteristic spectrum of
baseband signal. This change is termed as channel distortion which is a result of different amplitude
attenuation and phase shift of each frequency component of baseband signal.
• The signal is not only distorted by channel but also contaminated by additive noise, which is random
and unpredictable.
• Causes:
a) External – man made nearby noises, automobile ignition radiation, florescent light, natural noise
from lightning etc.

b)Internal - thermal motion of electrons in conductors, diffusion or recombination of charged

carriers in semiconductor electronics etc

• Additive noise have the effect of reducing intelligibility of recovered baseband signal and to reduce
signal-to-noise ratio.

• Proper care techniques (EMC&I practices such as shielding) may minimize noise level to a certain
extent but it can never eliminate its effect on channel completely.
CHANNEL IMPAIRMENTS: ATTENUATION
s(t) 0.9 s(t)
Channel
Attenuation factor
0.9 / km

Channel length = 1 km
Channel
s(t) Attenuation factor (0.9)?10 s(t)
0.9 / km
Channel length = 10 km

Attenuation can pose severe problems for long-distance communication

 CHANNEL IMPAIRMENTS: ATTENUATION-
SOLUTIONS
a) Channels with lower attenuation levels (fiber optics, etc)
Expensive solution

b) Use Amplifiers A Channel A

Risk of amplifying the noise as well

c) Use digital communication & Amplifiers

Offers better noise immunity
 CHANNEL IMPAIRMENTS: DISTORTION
• Linear Distortion
0.9 Acosω1t
Acosω1t

Channel
0.75Acosω2t
Acosω2t

Channel response is frequency dependent

Output waveform shape would be different from input waveform shape
(e.g; assume superposition of these waves at the input)
 NOISE IN SIGNALS

• Waveforms in analog messages are important and a slight interference in the message will cause error in
received signal.
• Noise adds up along the channel and may rise against the signal power thus decreasing the SNR of signal
transmission.
• Amplification is of little help since it will tend to increase the noise level also along the signal power, further
decreasing the quality of received signal.
• Thus, distance become a limiting factor of analog communication systems.
 CHANNEL IMPAIRMENTS: NOISE
• Random signal disturbing the useful signal
• Thermal noise at Tx/Rx (electronics)
• Imperfect switches & components
• Inteference from other signals maybe modelled as additive noise

• Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR): figure of merit

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
• Design communication sytems which maximize SNR
• Increase transmitted power ?
• Signal processing on the transmitted or received signal
 MODES OF COMMUNIC ATION

i. Broadcasting
Involves the use of a single powerful transmitter transmit to many receivers.
Demodulation takes place in the receiver.
Information-bearing signals flow in one direction
Eg. TV and radio (Simplex)

ii. Point to point Communication

Where a communication process takes place over a link between a single transmitter
and a receiver.
Information-bearing signals flow in bidirectional, which requires the use of a
transmitter and receiver at each end of the link
Eg. Telephone (Full Duplex) and walkie talkie (Half Duplex)
 ANALOG & DIGITAL
• Messages/Information to be transmitted is either digital or analog
• Analog message : continuous (uncountably infinite) values in amplitude
• Sound/Speech
• Analog TV
• Temperature or the atmospheric pressure
• Digital message : Finite set of possible values in amplitude
• Computer communication (bits {0,1})
• English Alphabets (26 distinct alphabets)
• A digital message constructed with 𝑀𝑀 symbols is called a 𝑀𝑀-ary message
• Communication over a physical channel via analog signals
• Digital communication : digital information via analog signals
• Exceptions Exist: Pure computer communication : digital info over digital signal
 PROS & CONS OF DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
• Relatively inexpensive digital circuitary
• Noise Immunity
• Non-accumulative noise (use of repeaters)
• Error correction
• Privacy through data encryption

Disadvantages:
• Synchronisation requirements
• High bandwidth requirements
 CHANNEL BANDWIDTH & SIGNAL POWER

• Fundamental parameters that determine rate and quality are

• Signal power 𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 : is related to quality of transmission. Higher power diminishes the effect of noise and reduces error rate
(improves reliability)
• Channel Bandwidth 𝐵𝐵: Range of frequencies which a channel can pass with reasonable fidelity

• Signal Bandwidth: range of frequencies in the message signal

• Faster a signal changes the higher the maximum frequency is
• More pulses per second implies higher signal bandwidth

• Signal bandwidth should be less than or equal to channel bandwidth

 CHANNEL BANDWIDTH & SIGNAL POWER

Higher the Channel Bandwidth 𝐵𝐵, Higher throughtput/transmission rate possible

• The number of pulses that can be transmitted over a channel is directly proportional to the channel bandwidth 𝐵𝐵
• If a channel with bandwidth 𝐵𝐵 can transmit 𝑁𝑁 pulses per second, then to transmit 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 pulses per
second requires a bandwidth of 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵
• Higher channel bandwidth allows more signal pulses per second to pass through

• Higher SNR also implies higher throughput: The transmitted signal pulse can use more signal levels therefore carry
more data bits with each pulse transmission

• What is the maximum throughtput/transmission rate (𝐶𝐶) possible through a noisy channel
(bandwidth B)?
• Is there a limit to how fast one can communicate?
 INFORMATION CARRYING CAPACITY

• Information carrying capacity of a noisy communication channel is related to the bandwidth and signal-
to-noise ratio in the channel by the equation

C = B log 2 (1 + SNR )
• B = channel bandwidth (Hz);
• SNR = signal to noise ration (unit less)
• C = information carrying capacity (bits/sec)

• Proposed by Shannon’48: the basis of Information theory

• Maximum theoretical channel capacity, practically this capacity cannot be achieved

• Increase capacity by either increasing 𝐵𝐵 or 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

• For a fixed channel capacity, signal power can thus be traded for tranmission bandwidth
EXCHANGING SIGNAL POWER FOR
BANDWIDTH
C1 = B1 log 2 (1 + SNR1 ) Channel capacity for bandwidth B1 and SNR1

C2 = B2 log 2 (1 + SNR2 ) Channel capacity for bandwidth B2 and SNR2

In order to maintain the same channel capacity, i.e., C1 = C2

B1 log 2 (1 + SNR1 ) = B2 log 2 (1 + SNR2 )

log 2 (1 + SNR1 ) B1 = log 2 (1 + SNR2 ) B2
since SNR >> 1, since SNR ∝ S (signal power)
B1 B2
SNR1 ≈ SNR 2 S ↓ ↔ B ↑ and vice versa
B2
B1 Signal power can thus be traded for
SNR1 ≈ SNR2 tranmission bandwidth
 MODULATION

• The basic idea here is to superimpose the message signal in analog form on a carrier
which is a sinusoid of the form

ACos(wt + φ)

• There are three quantities that can be varied in proportion to the modulating signal:
the amplitude, the phase, and frequency.

• The first scheme is called Amplitude Modulation and the second two are called Angle
Modulation schemes
 WHY MODULATE

• Antenna size is a major concern

• The radiating antenna should be one tenth or more of the wavelength Viability of radiation
• For a speech signal (100 to 3000 Hz) corresponding wavelength will be - Baseband signal (low f )
100 to 3000 km
8
• For 1MHz signal you need antenna size of only 30 meter c 3 × 10
λ= = = 100km
f 3 × 103
λ=v/f
λ
• Where v = 3x108 m/s Antenna size ≈ = 25km
4
• Simultaneous Transmission of several Signals
- Passband signal (high f )
c 3 × 108
• Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM) λ= = 6
= 1m
f 300 × 10
λ
• Time Division Multiplex (TDM) Antenna size ≈ = 0.25m
4
Feature FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
Multiplexing Method Divides bandwidth into multiple frequency bands. Divides transmission time into time slots.

Data Transmission Simultaneous transmission of multiple signals. Sequential transmission, one signal at a time.

Signal Type Best for analog signals (e.g., radio, TV). Best for digital signals (e.g., telephone, internet).
Channel Requirement Requires a wide frequency spectrum. Requires precise time synchronization.

Interference Prone to crosstalk and frequency interference. Less interference since only one signal transmits at a time.

Can waste bandwidth due to guard bands between More bandwidth-efficient as time slots can be dynamically
Efficiency
frequencies. allocated.
Not required (since all signals are transmitted on different
Synchronization Required (receiver must be synchronized with time slots).
frequencies).

Requires bandpass filters and multiple carriers for Requires timing circuits and synchronization
Implementation Complexity
separating signals. mechanisms.

Latency Very low latency as signals are transmitted simultaneously. Higher latency as each user must wait for their time slot.

More efficient bandwidth usage (in Statistical TDM, unused

Bandwidth Utilization Fixed bandwidth per user, even if no data is sent.
slots can be reallocated).

Digital telephone networks, Ethernet, Bluetooth, 4G/5G

Examples FM & AM radio, TV broadcasting, Optical fiber WDM.
networks.
Example 1 - For a standard telephone circuit with a SNR of 30dB and a bandwidth of 2.7
kHz, determine the Shannon limit for information capacity.

Example 2 – The telephone channel has a bandwidth of about 3kHz. Calculate the capacity
of a telephone channel that has an SNR of 1023.

Note: Bandwidth is taken in Hz, SNR is taken in linear (Not in db)and Calculated Capacity will be in bps.