UNIT I

BASICS OF C PROGRAMMING

Computer Centre - Madras Institute of

9/23/2023 1
Technology
 UNIT I
Topics to be Covered:
 Introduction to programming paradigms
 Structure of C program
 C programming:
 Data Types
 Constants
 Keywords
 Operators
 Operator Precedence and Associativity
 Expressions
 Input/Output statements
 Assignment statements
 Decision making statements
 Switch statement
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 2
Technology
 Topic of Discussion
Introduction to programming paradigms
Structure of C program
C programming:
Data Types
Constants
Keywords
Operators
Operator Precedence and Associativity
 Expressions
Input/Output statements
Assignment statements
Decision making statements
Switch statement

Computer Centre - Madras Institute of

9/23/2023 3
Technology
 What is a Programming Paradigm?
• Programming paradigm is defined as a set of principles,
ideas, design concepts and norms that defines the
manner in which the program code is written and
organized.
• It is all about the writing style and organizing the
program code in a specific way.
• It does not specify the programming language syntax, it
simply defines the program structure and set of principles
that the programming language compiler should enforce.
• Each paradigm advocates a specific way to organize the
program code.
• For example, the OOP paradigm represents everything in
the form of objects, whereas the function programming
represents the program as set of functions and in logic
programming , a logic is created by series of symbols .
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 4
Technology
 Programming Paradigm – Cont’d
• Each programming language has unique programming style
that implements a specific programming paradigm
• If a programming language support or falls under a certain
paradigm then this means it has some unique feature or it
follows a certain approach that makes it best to solve a
certain kind of problem.
• For example:
– Object-oriented programming is best suited for implementing real-
world entities by hiding important data and finding methods with
the entities. Example C++, Java, Python, etc.
– Logical programming is best for creating logic by a complex
structure of symbols. Example Prolog, F-logic, etc.
• A good programming language should support multiple
paradigms because different programming problems require a
different way to approach.
• Most modern languages like C++, C#, Python, Go, etc. support
multi-paradigm languages
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 5
Technology
 Types of Programming Paradigm

• The programming paradigms are categorized in multiple

categories yet most significant are only two:
– Imperative programming paradigm
– Declarative programming paradigm
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 6
Technology
Imperative programming paradigm
• The word “imperative” comes from
the Latin “impero” meaning “I
command”.
bake a cake • The imperative paradigm is said to
be command driven.
• In Imperative programming, the
programmer has to elaborate each
statement in detail.
• Each statement directs what is to be
done and how it is to be done.
• In an imperative programming
paradigm, the order of the steps is
crucial
• Fortran, Java , c++, c programming
languages are examples of
9/23/2023
imperative
Computer programming.
Centre - Madras Institute of
7
Technology
Imperative programming paradigm –Cont’d
Find the sum of first ten natural numbers in the imperative paradigm approach.
Example in C:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
• In this example, we are
int sum = 0; commanding the
sum += 1;
sum += 2; computer what to do line
sum += 3;
sum += 4; by line.
sum += 5;
sum += 6; • Finally, we are storing the
sum += 7;
sum += 8; value and printing it.
sum += 9;
sum += 10;
printf("The sum is: %d\n", sum);
return 0;
}
Output:
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
The sum is: 55
9/23/2023
Technology
8
 Types of imperative programming
paradigms
• Procedural Programming
• Object-oriented Programming
• Parallel Processing Approach

Computer Centre - Madras Institute of

9/23/2023 9
Technology
 Imperative programming paradigm
Procedural Programming
bake a cake
• It is a programming paradigm
based upon the concept of
procedure calls.
• Here, statements are structured
into procedures (also known as
subroutines or functions).
• Procedures contain a series of
computational commands that
should be carried out to achieve a
certain outcome.
• Procedure call that lets to reuse
the code.
• Procedural programming
languages are known as top-down
languages.
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 10
Technology
 Imperative programming paradigm
Procedural Programming –Cont’d
#include <stdio.h> • simplification and
int add(int n1,int n2){
int s; abstraction is one of
s=n1+n2;
return s;
the benefits of
} procedural
int main()
{
programming. But
int a=10; within the functions,
int b=20;
int sum1=add(a,b); we still got same old
printf("The sum is of %d + %d= %d\n", a,b,sum1); imperative code.
int p=56;
int q=78; • Example of procedural
int sum2=add(p,q);
printf("The sum is of %d + %d= %d\n", p,q,sum2); programming is BASIC
return 0; C, and Pascal.
}
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 11
Technology
 Imperative programming paradigm
Object-oriented Programming
• It is the most popular programming
paradigm because of its unique
advantages like the modularity of the
code and the ability to directly associate
real-world business problems in terms of
code.
• The key characteristics of object-oriented
programming include Class, Abstraction,
Encapsulation, Inheritance and
Polymorphism.
• A class is a template or blueprint from
which objects are created.
• An object contains data in the form of
fields that are known as attributes
and the procedures are known
as methods.
• Examples of Object Oriented
programming paradigm: Simula, Java, C++,
ComputerPython, Ruby,
Centre - Madras Smalltalk , etc
Institute of
9/23/2023 12
Technology
 Object-oriented Programming- Cont’d

OOP facilitates the

understanding of a program,
by the clear separation of
concerns and responsibilities.
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 13
Technology
 Imperative programming paradigm
Parallel Processing Approach
• The parallel programming paradigm breaks the problem
or task into chunks that are distributed among multiple
processors.
• These chunks work on the same problem, simultaneously.
• It reduces the total time to solve a problem.
• It connects multiple processors to the memory.
• It is either pooled across all processors or distributed over
a network.
• There are several programming languages that support
parallel processing.
• Example of parallel programming paradigm is SISAL,
Parallel Haskell, SequenceL, System C (for FPGAs),
Mitrion-C, VHDL, and Verilog, MPI.
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 14
Technology
 Declarative programming paradigm
• A declarative programming paradigm are those
paradigms in which the programmer describes the
property of the result without focusing on how to
achieve it (imperative programming focuses on how to
achieve the task by changing the state of the program).
• The main focus in this kind of programming is what is
to be done rather than how it should be done.
• Declarative programming is used in programming
languages used in a database query, regular expression,
functional programming, logical programming, etc.
• Some of the programming languages that support the
declarative paradigm are:Prolog, javascript, Scala, Lisp,
SQL, XQuery, Clojure
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 15
Technology
 Types of Declarative Programming
Paradigms
• Functional Programming
• Logical Programming
• Database Processing Approach

Computer Centre - Madras Institute of

9/23/2023 16
Technology
 Declarative Programming Paradigms
Functional Programming
• It is the programming in which a
program is constructed by
creating and using functions.
• The functions we refer to here
are pure functions only.
• Pure functions are
representations of mathematical
functions.
• This means functions just do one
thing.
• They don’t depend on anything
else but their arguments, and
always produce the same result.

Computer Centre - Madras Institute of

9/23/2023 17
Technology
 Declarative Programming Paradigms
Functional Programming – Cont’d
• Rather than a series of statements functional
programming use function to map and change one value
to another value.
• The other important note is, there are no loops in
functional programming, all we have is implementing
pure functions which have zero side effects.
Example,

Computer Centre - Madras Institute of

9/23/2023 18
Technology
 Declarative Programming Paradigms
Logical Programming
• It's based on formal logic.
• The logic programming paradigm isn't made up of instructions - rather
it's made up of facts and clauses.
• Logic programming uses sentences in logical form and creates an
expression by using symbols.
• In machine learning and artificial intelligence, there are many models
that use these programs..
• The programs are executed very much like some mathematical
statement. It is mainly based on forming logic.
• For instance, Socrates is a man, all men are mortal, and therefore
Socrates is mortal.
• The following is a simple Prolog program which explains the above
instance:
man(Socrates).
mortal(X) :- man(X)
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 19
Technology
 Declarative Programming Paradigms
Logical Programming – Cont’d
man(Socrates).
mortal(X) :- man(X)
• The first line can be read, "Socrates is a man.'' It is a base
clause, which represents a simple fact.
• The second line can be read, "X is mortal if X is a man;''
in other words, "All men are mortal.'' This is a clause, or
rule, for determining when its input X is "mortal.
• The symbol ":-'', sometimes called a turnstile, is
pronounced "if'‘.
• We can test the program by asking the question:
?- mortal(Socrates).
• that is, "Is Socrates mortal?'' (The "?-'' is the computer's
prompt for a question). Prolog will respond "yes''.
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 20
Technology
 Declarative Programming Paradigms
Database Processing Approach
• This programming methodology is based on data and
its movement.
• Program statements are defined by data rather than
hard-coding a series of steps.
• A database is an organized collection of structured
information, or data, typically stored electronically in a
computer system.
• A database is usually controlled by a database
management system (DBMS)
• To process the data and querying them, databases
use tables.
• Data can then be easily accessed, managed, modified,
updated, controlled and organized.
Computer Centre - Madras Institute of
9/23/2023 21
Technology
 Declarative Programming Paradigms
Database Processing Approach – Cont’d
• A good database processing approach is crucial to any
company or organization. This is because the database stores
all the pertinent details about the company such as employee
records, transaction records and salary details.
• Most databases use Structured Query Language (SQL) for
writing and querying data.
• Here’s an example in database processing approach (SQL):

Computer Centre - Madras Institute of

9/23/2023 22
Technology