COMPUTER

Definition of Computer
• Computer is a programmable machine.
• An electronic device that manipulates information, or data.
• It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
•A machine that manipulates data according to a list of
instructions (program).
• Is any device which aids humans in performing various
kinds of computations or Calculations.

3 Principle of Characteristic of Computer

• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
• It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

Proponent
CHARLES BABBAGE
 Father of Computer
 He invented the Analytical Engine & Difference Engine

History of the Basic Computing Periods

Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job
title was computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a
mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of
training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person
who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used
in that sense until the middle of the 20th century.

BY: JRMA
A. Tally Sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers,
quantities, or even messages.

B. Abacus
• An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing
mathematical calculations.
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in
around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

C. Napier’s Bone
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by
moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.

D. Slide Rule
• Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
• Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms –
Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction.

BY: JRMA
E. Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.

F. Stepped Reckorner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

G. Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in
1881.
• It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

BY: JRMA
H. Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.

I. Diffence Engine and Analytical Engine

• Invented by Charles Babbage
Analytical Engine (1822)
 The first mechanical computer.
 Designed to perform complex mathematical
calculations
 Considered the first fully automatic calculating
machine
 Introduced concepts that are fundamental to
contemporary computers, such as programmability
and general-purpose computation
 Designed to evaluate any mathematical formula

Difference Engine (1834)

 Designed to calculate and tabulate polynomial
functions
 Used metal wheels and levers to store numbers
and make calculations
 Intended to simplify everyday adding and
multiplication tasks

BY: JRMA
J. First Computer Programmer
• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system.
• She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.

K. Scheutzian Calculation Engine

• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
• The first printing calculator.

L. Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information and accounting.

BY: JRMA
M. Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.

N. Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape
reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.

O. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at
Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942.

BY: JRMA
P. ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
• It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

Q. UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial
computer.
• Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

BY: JRMA
R. EDVAC 1
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.

S. The Frist Portable Computer

• Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.

T. The First Computer Company

• The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company.
• Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

BY: JRMA
 Basic Computing Periods - Ages
1. Pre-mechanical
- The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology.
- It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D.
- When humans first started communicating they would try to use language or
simple picture drawings known as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock.
- Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.

As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing

information down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just
marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant. The most
popular kind of paper made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from
rags.

Now that people were writing a lot of information down, they needed ways
to keep it all in heard of Egyptian scrolls which were popular ways of writing
down information to save. Some groups of people were actually binding paper
together into a book-like form. Also, during this period were the first numbering
systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by people
from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0
was invented. And yes, now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do

BY: JRMA
with them, so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an
information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.

2. Mechnical
The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our
current technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the
time between 1450 and 1840. A lot of new technologies are developed in this era
as there is a large explosion in interest with this area. Technologies like the slide
rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing) were invented. Blaise
Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer.
Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated polynomial
equations using the method of finite differences.
There were lots of different machines created during this era and while we
have not yet gotten to a machine that can do more than one type of calculation in
one, like our modern-day calculators, we are still learning about how all of our all-
in-one machines started. Also, if you look at the size of the machines invented in
this time compared to the power behind them it seems (to us) absolutely ridiculous
to understand why anybody would want to use them, but to the people living in
that time ALL of these inventions were HUGE.

3. Electromechanical
Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our
modern-day technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time
between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The
telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel
Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication
ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio developed by
Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely crucial emerging
technologies that led to big advances in the information technology field. The first
large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created
by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft

BY: JRMA
wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cards. How
does your PC match up to this hunk of metal? It was from huge machines like this
that people began to look at downsizing all the parts to first make them usable by
businesses and eventually in your own home.

4. Electronic
The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time
between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital
computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing
problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery
firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square
feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its
calculations.
There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of
vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic
drums were used for internal storage. The second generation replaced vacuum
tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating
magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage. Also during
this time high-level programming languages were created such as FORTRAN and
COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits,
magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into
metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up around this
time along with the advanced programming language BASIC. The fourth and latest
generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory,
logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The personal computer was
developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was developed.

BY: JRMA
 History of Computer: Generation of Computer
There are five generations of computer:
• First generation – 1946 to 1958
• Second generation – 1959 to 1964
• Third generation – 1965 to 1970
• Fourth generation – 1971 to Today
• Fifth generation – Today to future

The First Generation

The first computers used Vacuum Tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums
for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very
expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a
lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers
relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on
printouts.

Examples: – ENIAC – EDSAC – UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101

The Second Generation

Transistor replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of

computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing
computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language
to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words. Second generation computers still relied on punched cards
for input and printouts for output. These were also the first computers that stored
their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology.
Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM
7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series

BY: JRMA
The Third Generation
The development of the Integrated Circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of
computers. It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. Much smaller
and cheaper compare to the second-generation computers.

The Fourth Generation

The Microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small
computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks,
which eventually led to the development of the Internet.

Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse
and handheld devices.

The Fith Generation

Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of

parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a
reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and
are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some applications, such as
voice recognition, that are being used today.

BY: JRMA
Computer use a combination of "Hardware" & "Software"

 Hardware is any physical part of the computer which include all the
internal components and also the external part like the monitor and the
keyboard.

 Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do such as
a web browser, media player or word processor.

Types of Computers
The four basic types of computers are as under:
 Supercomputer
 Mainframe Computer
 Minicomputer
 Microcomputer

Supercomputer
The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing
are the Supercomputers. These are specialized and task specific computers used by
large organizations. The supercomputers are very expensive and very large in size.
It can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can
span an entire building.
Proponent
SEYMOUR CRAY
 Father of Supercomputer
 Designed the world's fastest, most powerful
supercomputers.
 Designed the CDC 6600, which is widely considered
the first supercomputer.

BY: JRMA
CDC 6600
The CDC 6600 was a mainframe computer and
the first successful supercomputer. It was
designed by Seymour Cray and manufactured by
Control Data Corporation (CDC). The CDC 6600
was delivered in 1964 and was the world's fastest
computer until 1969.

Mainframe computer
Although Mainframes are not as powerful as supercomputers, but certainly
theyare quite expensive nonetheless, and many large firms & government
organizations uses Mainframes to run their business operations. Banks educational
institutions & insurance companies use mainframe computers to store data about
their customers, students & insurance policy holders.

Minicomputer
Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms. Minicomputers are also
called as “Midrange Computers”. These are small machines and can be
accommodated on a disk with not as processing and data storage capabilities as
super-computers & Mainframes.

BY: JRMA
Microcomputer
Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets &
smartphones are all types of microcomputers. The micro-computers are widely
used & the fastest growing computers. These computers are the cheapest among
the other three types of computers.

Other Devices uses a computer

A. Mobile phones
B. Tablets
C. Game consoles
D. TV's

The PC System
As a technician, you should know and be able to identify the components found in
a typical personal computer system. The PC is modular by design. It is called a
system because it includes all the components required to make a functional
computer.

Types of Computers
Workstation
A workstation is a high-end personal computer designed for
technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used
by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local
area network and run multi-user operating systems.

BY: JRMA
Desktop computer
Desktop computers come in a variety of styles ranging from
large vertical tower cases to small form factor models that
can be tucked behind an LCD monitor. In this sense, the term
'desktop' refers specifically to a horizontally-oriented case,
usually intended to have the display screen placed on top to
save space on the desk top. Most modern desktop computers
have separate screens and keyboards.
Laptop
A laptop computer or simply “laptop”, also called a notebook computer or
sometimes a notebook, is a small personal computer
designed for portability.

Parts of Computer
System unit – The main computer cabinet usually referred
to as a case, housing the primary components of the system.
This includes the main logic board (System board or mother
board), processor, memory, disk drives, switching power
supply, and the interconnecting wires and cables. The system
unit also includes expansion cards to provide audio, video,
networking and other functionality. Expansion cards vary
from system to system.

Keyboard – The most familiar computer input device, the

keyboard is used to introduce characters and commands into
the system.

A central processing unit (CPU), also referred to as a central

processor unit, is the hardware within a computer that carries
out the instructions of a computer program by performing the
basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the
system.

BY: JRMA
 A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the
mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board, or
colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB)
found in computers and other expandable systems. It holds
many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such
as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides
connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a
motherboard contains significant sub-systems such as the
processor.

A video card (also called a video adapter, display card,

graphics card, graphics board, display adapter or
graphics adapter) is an expansion card which generates a
feed of output images to a display. Most video cards offer
various functions such as accelerated rendering of 3D
scenes and 2D graphics, MPEG- 2/MPEG-4 decoding, TV
output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi-
monitor).

A network interface controller (NIC) (also known as a

network interface card, network adapter, LAN
adapter and by similar terms) is a computer hardware
component that connects a computer to a computer
network.

A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an

internal computer expansion card that facilitates the input
and output of audio signals to and from a computer under
control of computer programs. The term sound card is
also applied to external audio interfaces that use software
to generate sound, as opposed to using hardware inside
the PC. Typical uses of sound cards include providing the
audio component for multimedia applications such as
music composition, editing video or audio, presentation,
education and entertainment (games) and video
projection.

BY: JRMA
 Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer
data storage. A random-access device allows stored data
to be accessed directly in any random order. In contrast,
other data storage media such as hard disks, CDs, DVDs
and magnetic tape, as well as early primary memory
types such as drum memory, read and write data only in a
predetermined order, consecutively, because of
mechanical design limitations. Therefore, the time to
access a given data location varies significantly
depending on its physical location.

A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device used

for storing and retrieving digital information using
rapidly rotating discs (platters) coated with magnetic
material. An HDD retains its data even when powered off.
Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning
individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any
order rather than sequentially. An HDD consists of one or
more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating discs (platters) with
magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to
read and write data to the surfaces.

A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-

voltage regulated DC power for the internal components
of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use
a switched-mode power supply. Some power supplies
have a manual selector for input voltage, while others
automatically adapt to the supply voltage.

A computer case is also known as a "computer chassis",

"tower", "system unit", "base unit" or simply "case".
Also sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "CPU" or
"hard drive", it is the enclosure that contains most of
the components of a computer. Form factors typically
specify only the internal dimensions and layout of the
case. For rack-mounted and blade servers form factors
may include precise external dimensions as well, since
these cases must themselves fit in specific enclosures

BY: JRMA
 Mouse – An input device used with graphical user interfaces
(GUI) to point to, select, or activate images on the video monitor.
By moving the mouse along a surface, the user can cause a
cursor on the display to move in a corresponding manner.

Video display or Monitor – A Visual output device that

displays characters and graphics on screen.

Speakers – Audio output devices used to deliver voice, music

and coded messages.

Printers – A hard copy output device that applies data to paper.

Normally, methods of placing information on a page include dot-
matrix printer, inkjet printer and laser printer.

BY: JRMA
 TOOLS

Tool is a handheld device that aids in accomplishing a task.

Tools range from a traditional metal cutting part of a machine to an element of a computer
program that activates and controls a particular function.

Hand Tools
A hand tool is a device for performing work on a material or a physical system using only hands.
The hand tools can be manually used employing force, or electrically powered, using electrical
current.

Examples of Hand Tools

Flat head screwdriver - used to loosen or tighten slotted screws.

Philips head screwdriver - used to loosen or tighten crosshead screws.

Torx screwdriver - used to loosen or tighten screws that have a starlike depression on the top, a
feature that is mainly found on laptop.

BY: JRMA
Hex driver – sometimes called a nut driver, is used to tighten nuts in the same way that a
screwdriver tightens screws.

Needle-nose plier - used to hold small parts.

Wire cutter - used to strip and cut wires.

Tweezers - used to manipulate small parts. Computer

Part retriever - used to retrieve parts from location those are too small for your hand to fit.

BY: JRMA
Flashlight - used to light up areas that you cannot see well.

Cleaning Tools
- Having the appropriate cleaning tools is essential when maintaining or repairing computers.
- Using these tools ensures that computer components are not damaged during cleaning.

Examples of Cleaning Tools

Lint-free cloth - used to clean different computer components without scratching or leaving
debris.

Compressed air - used to blow away dust and debris from different computer parts without
touching the components.

Cable ties - used to bundle cables neatly inside and outside of a computer.

BY: JRMA
Parts organizer - used to hold screw, jumpers, fasteners and other small parts and prevents them
from getting mixed together.

Diagnostic Tools
Computers are easier to use and more dependable with each new generation of hardware and
operating system update, but that doesn't mean they're problem-free.

Multimeter - used to test the integrity of circuits and the quality of electricity in computer
components.

Loopback Adapter - used to test the functionality of computer ports.

BY: JRMA