ANALYSIS

METHODS
&
SOFTWARE
S

SESSION II

ADITYA SHARMA
ANIRUDDHA CHANDE
SESSION II -ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CABLE STAYED
BRIDGES & SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
ANIRUDDHA CHANDE
MANAGING DIRECTOR, IDEAS SE PVT LTD

Mr. Aniruddha Chande is having wide range of experience

spanning over 11 years in planning, detailed engineering
design, proof checking, for various bridges / highway &
infrastructure projects. He is well versed with National &
International codes of Bridge Design & Conversant with the
IRC, BS, ASSHTO LRFD, EURO and MOST standards &
specifications.

He worked in Ramboll and Gammon India 10 years.2

In 2023 he
co-founded IDEAS SE Pvt Ltd. Aniruddha has worked on
numerous Cable Stayed Bridges, Cantilever Bridges, Precast-
Segmental Bridges and Fly-overs in India and Europe.

With Keen interest in A.I and Automation Aniruddha

spearheads the Computational Design in IDEASSE
AGENDA
• SYSTEMS OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGES
• ACTION FORCES FOR EQUIVALENT STATICAL SYSTEMS
• CASE STUDY – STORSTORM BRIDGE
• PRELIMINARY DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR BASIC SYSTEMS
• SOFTWARES
• CABLE DYNAMICS
• BRIDGE DYNAMICS
SYSTEMS OF CABLE
STAYED BRIDGES
STIFFNESS DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN TOWER AND BEAMS

RIGID DECK WITH DIFFERENT

POSSIBLE TYPES OF
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN DECK
AND PIERS

INTERMEDIATE SOLUTION,
RIGIDITY DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN
PIERS,DECK AND PYLONS

RIGID PYLONS AND FLEXIBLE

DECK
EFFECT ON A SPAN LOADING WITH A SIMPLE LINE OF BEARINGS ON THE PIERS TO SUPPORT THE SUSTEM OF DECK AND
PYLONS. NO PARTICIPATIONS OF THE PIERS AND PYLONS ROTATING WITH THE DECK

EFFECT OF SPAN LOADING WITH BENDING PIERS TAKING PART IN THE LIMITATION OF DEFLECTIONS
METHODS OF STAYING DOWN THE TOWERS

ENTERMEDIATE SUPPORT EVERY SECOND SPAN

LONG CABLES FROM A PYLON HEAD TO AN ADJECENT PYLON AT THE DECK LEVEL
CABLE STAYS COMING FROM BOTH ADJECENT PYLONS TO SUPPORT THE CENTRAL PART OF EACH SPAN
TING KAU BRIDGE, HONG
KONG
UNIQUE METHODS OF STAYING THE
DECK
OBERE ARGEN VALLEY BRIDGE, GERMANY
UNIQUE METHODS OF STAYING THE ALAMILLO BRIDGE,
DECK SPAIN
ACTION FORCES FOR
EQUIVALENT STATICAL
SYSTEMS
BASIC LOAD TRANSFER IN CABLE-STAYED
SYSTEMS

STATICAL
SYSTEM

LOADS ON
MAIN SPAN
LOADS ON
SIDE SPAN
BASIC LOAD TRANSFER IN TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS
OPEN STEEL COMPOSITE
SECTIONS

CROSS
BEAM

MAIN BEAM
BASIC LOAD TRANSFER IN TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS
STEEL BOX *HIGH TORSIONAL RIGIDITY
SECTION

INTERNAL STRUT & TIE MECHANISMS TO

TRANSFER LOAD TO THE STAYS
RENAULT RENAULT RENAULT

ORTHOTROPIC STEEL-
BOX GIRDER

*AERODYNAMICALLY SHAPED CROSS SECTION

 BASIC LOAD TRANSFER IN TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS
OPEN STEEL COMPOSITE
SECTIONS

CROS
S
BEAM
ORTHOTROPIC STEEL-
BOX GIRDER

TWIN BOX GIRDERS CONNECTED WITH A BEAM ARE SUSSEPTIBLE TO

FLUTTER AND BUFFETTING. FLUTTER OCCURS WHEN THE BRIDGE
OSCILLATES IN A SELF-EXCITED MANNER DUE TO WIND FORCES.
BUFFETING REFERS TO THE TURBULENT WIND FLOW AROUND THE
BRIDGE, CAUSING FLUCTUATING FORCES. TO MITIGATE THESE
PHENOMENA, THE BRIDGE’S CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPE IS STREAMLINED,
REDUCING DRAG AND MINIMIZING VORTEX SHEDDING.
BASIC LOAD TRANSFER IN TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS
OPEN CONCRETE SECTIONS

MAIN GIRDER
CROS
S
BEAM
CROSS BEAM PRESTRESSED OR
RCC DEPENDS UPON THE DECK
WIDTH
BASIC LOAD TRANSFER IN TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS
CONCRETE BOX SECTIONS PRESTRESSED AT
STAY CABLE
LOCATION

RIB
DIAPHRAGM AT STAY CABLE S
LOCATION

RUNNING SECTION
BASIC LOAD TRANSFER IN TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS
CONCRETE BOX SECTIONS WITH 2 PLANES OF
CABLES

RENAULT
 SOUTH BOUND
CARRIAGEWAY
PYLON NORTH BOUND
CARRIAGEWAY
PYLON

EAST
SIDE
PYLON

WEST
SIDE TOWARDS
PYLON LOCATION :
P20

TOWARDS
LOCATION
: P18
OTHER UNIQUE DECK TYPES

ÖRESUND THE
BRIDGE, SAMUEL
DENMARK BECKETT
BRIDGE,
DUBLIN
CASE STUDY
STORSTROM BRIDGE
LOCATION AND BACKGROUND
• THE EXISTING STORSTRØMS BRIDGE IS SINGLE-RAIL TRACK
AND WILL NOT BE ABLE TO SUSTAIN THE INCREASED RAIL
TRAFFIC

• IT WAS OPENED FOR TRAFFIC IN 1937 - LONGEST BRIDGE

IN EUROPE AT THE TIME.

• IT IS NOW IN POOR CONDITION, REQUIRING HEAVY

MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR.

NEW
BRIDGE

OLD
BRIDGE
BRIDGE LAYOUT
• Length =3830m • Piers founded at 8m - 16m below sea level

• 44 approach spans (80 m) - viaducts • Pylon founded at 21m below sea level

• 2 navigational spans (160 m) – cable stayed bridge

Power Joint
3 fixed piers (integral) 3 fixed piers
Exp. Joints + STU
CONSTRUCTION METHOD – LARGE SCALE
PREFABRICATION
• Construction Quality
o Factory environment
• Construction Speed
o Large elements assembly
o Optimized procedures
• Cost optimization
o Available or standard marine equipment
o Project specific, but simple temporary works
o Project specific, but standard/light lifting and
mechanical equipment
o Set up of prefabrication plant on site
• Coherent Construction Philosophy
o Same construction concept for all elements
o Same prefabrication plant for all elements
 PRECAST SEGMENT
EACH APPROX 73M

PRECAST OPEN
FOUNDATION

CASTING
LINE/FABRICATI
ON SHED
PIERS & FOUNDATIONS
• 40 piers – 18m to 36m high
• Multi-faceted hollow sections (rectangle, hexagon, octagon)
• Precast construction (factory environment) + assembly offshore.
Modular approach - repetition of segments.
• Offshore casting of pier head (lifting weight limits).
Rebar cage + formwork preassembled - lifted with last precast
segment.
• In-situ joints with headed bars (minimising rebar congestion)
PIERS & FOUNDATIONS – ONSHORE ACTIVITIES
• ONSHORE CASTING OF FOUNDATION PLINTH & LOWER • TRANSFERING ON BARGE & TRANSPORT TO
PIER SINKING AREA

• PRECAST SEGMENTS PRODUCTION IN PRECAST YARD

 PIERS AND FOUNDATIONS – OFFSHORE ACTIVITIES
• Sinking in place with catamaran • Erection of precast segments
• Cast in-situ stitches
• Cast in-situ pier head

2500 tons max

• Foundation backfillig
BOX-GIRDER - CROSS-SECTION
• ASYMMETRIC CROSS-SECTION AND LOADING
• PREFABRICATION + STANDARD (LIGHT) LIFTING EQUIPMENT  LIFTING WEIGHT LIMITS
BOX-GIRDER – TYPICAL SPAN

73M FULLY
PRECAST
SEGMENT

1,1M CAST IN-SITU

FRONT STITCH
4,8M PARTIALLY
PRECAST 4000 TONS
SEGMENT 0 LIFTING
1,1M CAST IN-SITU LIMIT
REAR STITCH +
WINGS

250 TONS
LIFTING LIMIT
BOX-GIRDER - POST-TENSIONING
• INTERNAL BONDED POST-TENSIONING (22-STRANDS TENDONS TYPICALLY)
• BOTTOM SLAB + WEB PT STRESSED IN PRECAST YARD
• TOP SLAB PT + WEB CAP PT STRESSED OFFSHORE (CONTINUITY AFTER INSTALLATION OF GIRDERS)

Top PT

Pier section

Web Cap PT

Web PT

Mid-span section

Bottom PT
BOX-GIRDER - CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
DIRECTION OF ERECTION

TEMPORARY PIERS

• FIRST 2 NO. SPANS FROM ABUTMENTS ARE CAST IN-SITU ON FALSEWORK

• FROM THIRD SPAN, SPAN-BY-SPAN ERECTION METHOD OF PRECAST GIRDERS (INCLUDING CSB SPANS)
BOX-GIRDER - CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE –
PRECAST YARD
STATION 1: STATION 2: STATION 3: STATION 4: STATION 5:
BOTTOM SLAB + WEB BOTTOM SLAB + WEB TOP SLAB REBAR POST-TENSIONING + STORAGE &
REBAR ASSEMBLY CASTING ASSEMBLY + CASTING LOAD TRANSFER ON LOAD-OUT AREA
LIFTING ARMS AND
SPMT
PREFABRICATION
SHED

BAR
GE
BOX-GIRDER - CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE - LIFTING
HOISTING TOWER ”SIMPLE” LIFTING EQUIPMENT:
LIFTING ARM • HOISTING TOWER
4000 TONS • LIFTING ARMS
• HYDRAULICALLY CONTROLLED
STRAND JACKS

LIFTING ANCHORAGE IN GIRDER

BOX-GIRDER - CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE –
CONTINUITY
STITCHING AND CONTINUITY PRESTRESSING
• TOP SLAB PT
• WEB CAP PT
IN-SITU STITCHES • TEMPORARY PT AT STITCH

REAR STITCH (+ WINGS) FRONT STITCH

REAR STITCH (+ WINGS)

FRONT STITCH
BOX-GIRDER - CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE –
OPTIMIZATION
FRONT END
LOWERING

BENDING MOMENT

SIMPLY SUPPORTED (SAGGING)

LOWERING: ~275MM
LOCKING-IN HOGGING MOMENTS

COMBINED EFFECT

CUMULATIVE MOMENT AT
END OF CONSTRUCTION
CABLE STAYED SPANS
• 22M CAST IN-SITU DECK AT TOWER • 7M C/C CABLE STAYS (18 NO. PER SPAN)
• ≈ 62M PRECAST DECK SEGMENTS • SINGLE LINE OF CABLES CENTERED IN THE
DECK
• 7M PARTIALLY PRECAST SEGMENT 0 ON
TPS/TPN • CONSTRUCTION METHOD AS PER VIADUCT
• 1,1M CAST IN-SITU STITCHES
PYLON FOUNDATION

34M
TEMPORARY
VERTICAL TUBES &
42M BOX TOWERS FOR
FLOATING DURING
INSTALLATION
21M
PYLON FOUNDATION INSTALLATION
PYLON
STAY ANCHOR BOXES

UPPER PYLON

POWER JOINT

LOWER PYLON
PYLON
UPPER PYLON – ANCHOR BOX
MODELLING
1. LOCAL MODELS IN RFEM SOFTWARE

2. 3D SOLID ELEMENTS REPRESENT THE

CONCRETE TOWER AND SHELL ELEMENTS
TO REPRESENT THE ANCHOR BOX PLATES.

3. MODELS EXAMINE BOTH MAXIMISED

LOCAL FORCES AND GLOBAL ACTIONS
STAY ANCHOR BOXES AND STRESSING SEQUENCE
• First 9 pair of stays stressed after lifting of the first deck segment.

• Remaining stays stressed after lifting of the second deck segment.

SINGLE LINE OF CABLES CENTRED IN THE DECK

18 NO. PARALLEL STRAND CABLES PER SPAN
58 TO 103 STRANDS PER CABLE, WITH 5% SPARE HOLE CONTINGENCY AT
ANCHORAGES
DECK ANCHORAGES 7M C/C
PYLON ANCHORAGES 1.5M C/C
STAY DAMPING SYSTEM FITTED IN THE DECK ANCHORAGE GUIDE PIPE
PHASED STRESSING OF STAYS
GLOBAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Post-tensioning Ship impact analyses
• Pier collision
• Deckhouse collision
• Soil structure interaction

Wind analyses Stay cable rupture

GLOBAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
• FE GLOBAL MODEL: BRIDGE IN-SERVICE AND BRIDGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION

BEAM ELEMENTS (PIER, PYLON, BOX-GIRDER)

CABLE ELEMENTS (STAYS AND TIE-DOWNS)
SPRING ELEMENTS (FOUNDATIONS, BEARINGS, STUS)

• LONGITUDINAL DESIGN WITHIN THE FE GLOBAL MODEL

• FULL COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

• CONSISTENT WAY TO ACCOUNT FOR CONSTRUCTION
SEQUENCE, POST-TENSIONING, TIME DEPENDENT EFFECTS
(CREEP, SHRINKAGE, SETTLEMENTS) ETC...
LOCAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

• 3D SHELL MODELS OF VIADUCTS AND CSB SPANS

• TRANSVERSE DESIGN OF BOX-GIRDER

DISTORTIONAL
EFFECTS
SOFTWARES
SOFISTIK IS A MODULAR SOFTWARE

EVALUATION &
DOCUMENTATION PROPERTIES &
(VISUALISATION, REPORT MODELING
BROWSER, GRAPHICS (AQUA, SOFIPLUS, SOFIMSHA/-C)
(WINGRAF), RESULT VIEWER)

DESIGN DATA BASE ACTIONS & LOADS

(AQB, AQBS, COLUMN,
FOOTING, BDK) (*.CDB) (SOFILOAD, ELLA, TENDON)

SUPERPOSITIONING ANALYSIS
(MAXIMA, SOFILOAD FOR
(ASE, DYN, HASE, TALPA, HYDRA)
NONLINEAR LOAD CASES)
 GAD Based &
Axis Based
Modeling

WO R K F L OW
AutoCAD Automated
3D
export of
Reinforcement
any result /
Generation
data-set Parametric
SOFiPLUS & Detailing Input for
Graphical Similar
Interface Projects
Revit Bridge &
Linear
Infrastructure XLSX
Modelling

Grass
hopper

Text Interface Tekla

SSD
Teddy
Rhino

Export & SAF Programming

Import Interface

Matlab Python
Visual
Idea
Statica Basic
Introduction to SOFiSTiK | 59
Millau Viaduct (Tallest bridge in the world)
France
Study for Computational Fluid Dynamics
Mumbai Metro
Mumbai, India

Metro Line 3
SSB and Cable Optimization
PRELIMINARY SIZING PRELIMINARY SIZING
DETERMINE DECK DETERMINE PYLON
BACK SPAN TO MAIN DETERMINE CABLE STIFFNESS HEIGHT
SPAN RATIO SPACING

CONSTRUCTION STAGE
DETERMINE PRELIMINARY
ASSES MAXIMUM ANALYSIS, FORWARD
CABLE FORCE (INITIAL STATIC ANALYSIS
PERMANENT LOADS ANALYSIS AND
TUNING)
BACKWARD ANALYSIS

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS DECK & PYLON DESIGN

THANK
YOU