DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE AND COMPUTER

CODE AND COURSE NAME

SESSION 2 : 2024/2025

PROGRAMME ASASI TVET

1. ZALINA BINTI SUNGIP

LECTURER’S
2. NURAINI BINTI MOHD RASHID
NAME
3. MOHD AZKAR BIN SIDIK

TYPE OF
PRACTICAL WORK 2 (B)
ASSESSMENT

FUNCTION OF MULTIMETER IN MEASURING VOLTAGE,

TOPIC / SUBTOPIC
CURRENT AND RESISTANCE

IMPLEMENTATION
DATE / WEEK

DURATION /
SUBMISSION DATE

REGISTRATION NO.
NAME
& CLASS

1.

STUDENT(S) 2.
INFORMATION

3.

4.

TOTAL MARKS CLO2

1. LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO):
CLO/PLO : CLO2/ PLO3
1. Perform the practical tasks with appropriate electrical equipment.

2. OBJECTIVE:
At the end of this session, students will be able to:
i. Measure resistance using analogue and digital multimeter
ii. Measure voltage using analogue and digital multimeter
iii. Measure current using analogue and digital multimeter

3. THEORY:
A multimeter is a meter that combines the testing capabilities of a voltmeter, ammeter, and
ohmmeter into one meter. The multimeter is the most common electrical testing instrument and
is often referred to as a volt ohm meter (VOM). There are two basic types of multimeters: digital
multimeters and analog multimeters.

What is analogue multimeter?

The analogue type is of the pointer and scale type i.e. it employs the basic d’Arsonval movement.
Note that when a multimeter is set to read resistance, it can be called an ohmmeter. When it’s set
to measure voltage, it’s called a voltmeter. When it’s set to measure current, it’s called an
ammeter.

Figure 2.1: Basic Types Of Multimeters: Analog Multimeters And Digital Multimeters

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 Figure 2.2 (a) : Front panel of Analogue Multimeter

Scale reading of analogue multimeter

Figure 2.2 (b) : Scale of Analogue Multimeter

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What is a digital multimeter?
A digital multimeter (DMM) is a versatile electronic device used to measure various electrical
properties, including voltage, current, and resistance. The device displays the measurements on a
digital screen, making it easy to read and understand the results accurately. Digital
multimeters have replaced traditional analog meters and offer higher accuracy, reliability, and
better handling of impedance.

Figure 2.3 : Digital Multimeter

Table 2: Differences Between Digital And Analogue Multimeter

Digital multimeter Analogue multimeter
More accurate, making it ideal for
Accuracy Less accurate
precise electrical measurement

Higher resolution: can measure

Resolution changes in small electrical signal Low resolution
more accurate

Need zero adjustment before

Zero adjustment No zero adjustment
measuring resistance

Can damage if accidentally

Polarity reverse the polarity especially
Automatic polarity detection
detection when measuring voltage and
current

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RESISTOR

Resistors are identified by their resistance value and tolerance. The resistance value, measured
in ohms (Ω), indicates how much the resistor resists the flow of electricity. The tolerance,
expressed as a percentage, shows the potential deviation from the stated resistance value.

How to read:

The 4-band color code is read as follows:

i. Start with the band closest to the one end of the resistor.
ii. The first band is the first digit of the resistance value. If it is not clear which is the
banded end, start from the end that does not begin with gold or silver band.
iii. The second band is the second digit of the resistance value.
iv. The third band is the number of zeros following the second digit, or the multiplier.
v. The fourth band indicates the percent tolerance and usually gold or silver. If there is no
fourth band, the tolerance is ± 20%.

The 5-band color code:

i. Start with the band closest to the one end of the resistor.
ii. The first band is the first digit of the resistance value.
iii. The second band and third band is the second and third digit of the resistance value.
iv. The fourth band is the number of zeros following the second digit, or the multiplier.
v. The fifth band indicates the percent tolerance.

Figure:2B.1

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 Example: Fourth Band Resistor
Table 2B.1
1st Band 2nd Band 3rd Band 4th Band Nominal Value (Ohm)
Orange Orange Brown Gold 330Ω ± 5%
Red Red Red Gold 2200Ω± 5%
Green Blue Yellow Silver 560KΩ± 10%

How to calculate min value and max value of a resistor

Resistor color codes are brown, black, red and gold.

Nominal value is 1000Ω ± 5%
Min value is 1000 – (5% x 1000) = 1000 – (0.05 x 1000) = 1000 – 50 = 950 Ω
Max value is 1000 +(5% x 1000) = 1000 + (0.05 x 1000) = 1000 + 50= 1050 Ω

4. EQUIPMENTS/ MATERIALS REQUIREMENT:

1. Analogue multimeter
2. Digital Multimter
3. Battery 9 V
4. Project board
5. Resistor
6. Diode

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5. PROCEDURE:

Safety Rules :
i) Before making a measurement, make sure function and meter range
is set to the right condition.
ii) Start your measurement with the maximum range at the measured
function. Be careful to maximum voltage level at every range and
input terminal.
iii) Range 20A is not have a protector and 10w level internal resistance.
iv) Make sure you off power line or input signal before changing a fuse.

TESTING PASSIVE AND ACTIVE COMPONENT USING MULTIMETER

Notes: When measuring resistance with multimeter, switch off power to the circuit under measurement
(if the resistor is in the circuit)

a) Resistor

1. Calculate resistance value for R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 and fill up Table 1.
2. Select a resistance range. Connect the two probes together to give a short circuit and
then adjust the zero control to give a zero ohms (full scale deflection) reading. This
process needs to be repeated if the range is changed.
3. Measure and record the resistance value given below by using suitable range in analogue
multimeter.
4. Repeat measurement for R2, R3, R4 and R5.
5. Record your result in Table 2.
6. Repeat step 1 to 4 by using digital multimeter.

Figure 2.4 : 0Ω Adjustment

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 Figure 2.5: Measuring resistance
b) Diode

1. Change the red probe of analogue multimeter to negative pole and the black probe of the
analogue multimeter to positive pole.
2. Select a resistance range (X1 or X10). Measure and record the forward bias and reverse
bias resistance in Table 3.

MEASURING VOLTAGE USING ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL MULTIMETER

1) Calculate the value of VR1 and VR2 and fill in Table 3.

2) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.6.

Figure 2.6

3) Adjust the voltage supply to 9V.

4) Choose a suitable scale range for voltage. Use the highest range.
5) Connect the red (positive +) voltmeter lead to the point you where you need to measure the
voltage.
6) Connect the black (negative -) voltmeter lead to 0V, normally the negative terminal of the
battery or power supply.
7) Connect multimeter parallel with the area that you want to measure as shown in Figure 2.7.
8) Take the reading using analogue multimeter. Record the value in Table 4.
9) Repeat procedure 3- 6 using digital multimeter.
10) Take the reading using digital multimeter. Record the value in Table 4.

Figure 2.7 : Measuring voltage

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MEASURING CURRENT USING ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL MULTIMETER

1) Calculate the value of IR1 and IR2 and record in Table 5.

2) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.5.
3) Adjust the power supply to 9V.
4) Choose a suitable scale range of ammeter. Use the highest range.
5) Disconnect R1.
6) Connect the positive test lead of multimeter to the positive source of power supply and negative
test lead of multimeter to the component pin R1 as shown in Figure 2.8.
7) Measure the current using analogue and digital multimeter.
8) Record the value in Table 5
9) Repeat procedure 3 until 7 for other resistors R2.
10) Record the value in Table 5.

Figure 2.8: Measuring Current

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6. RESULT:
a) Resistor
Table 1: Resistor Calculated Value
NOMINAL
RESISTOR BAND 1 BAND 2 BAND 3 BAND 4
VALUE
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5

Table 2: Measure Resistor Value Using Analog and Digital Multimeter

CALCULATED VALUE MEASURED VALUE
NOMINAL
RESISTOR TOLERANCE ANALOG DIGITAL
VALUE MIN MAX MULTIMETER MULTIMETER

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

b) Diode
Table 3: Testing Diode resistance

Forward diode resistance

Reverse bias resistance

Diode condition

Notes : The ideal diode will acts as a short circuit in forward bias and open circuit in reverse bias
condition. Hence the forward resistance of the ideal diode is zero and reverse resistance of the
ideal diode is infinity

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b) Measuring Voltage
Table 4: Voltage (V) Measurement
Measured value
Calculated Voltage
Voltage Analogue Digital
(show your calculation)
Multimeter Multimeter

VR1

VR2

Notes :
𝑹𝑹𝑵𝑵
𝑽𝑽𝑵𝑵 = 𝑽𝑽 , 𝑹𝑹𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 + 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐
𝑹𝑹𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕

b) Measuring Current
Table 5: Current (I) Measurement
Measured value
Calculated Current
Current Analogue Digital
(show your calculation)
Multimeter Multimeter

IR1

IR2

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