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MATH 211 – Fall 2024 - 2025

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consists of 8 questions in 9 pages. Make
sure you have all the pages.
1 13
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first 35 minutes of the exam.

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• Answers given without supporting 6 14

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7 14
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swer that contains notations, formulas 8 10
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Total 100
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exam room and your grade will be zero.
1. (13 points) (Bases)
2 3
1 2 0 1 4

a
6 0 1 1 1 0 7
Let A = 64 1 3 1
7.
2 6 5
2 5 1 1 8

(a) Find bases for the row space of A and the column space of A.
(b) Determine rank(A), nullity(A) and nullity(AT ).
eh
a collar
spansfy.fy.gg
4

basis for CollA

C1C2Cu forms a

0,1 1 1.07 1010,0 2,2

Row A Span 1 2,0 1,4
forms a basisfor
0,1 1 1.07 1010,0 2,2
112,0 1,4
Row A

b rank A dim Col Al dim Row A 3

the rank theorem we have

By columns of A
nullity AI rank Al
3 5
nullity A
nullity A 2

rank At Thus rank theorem

We know that rank A by
we have
rank At nullity At Hot columns of A

3 nullity At 4

nullity AT 1
2. (11 points) (Coordinate Systems)
2 3
2 1 0
Let P = 4 0 1 1 5, and B = {v1 , v2 , v3 } be a basis for R3 where
1 0 1
2 3 2 3 2 3
1 1 0
4
v1 = 0 ,5 4 5
v2 = 1 , and v3 = 1 5
4
1 0 1

(a) Find a basis C = {w1 , w2 , w3 } for R3 such that P is the change-of-coordinates matrix from
the basis C to B.
2 3
3
(b) Let x be a vector in R3 with [x]C = 4 2 5 . Find its coordinate vector [x]B relative to the
1
basis B.

P wit wa w
a
E
fi f f
2
wi avitova rs
wit

wa Viva

f tf
wa

1f
ws was vatus
9

f f 1
b x1 E x c
3. (16 points) (Eigenvalues and eigenvectors)
2 3
0 1 1
Let A = 4 0 2 0 5.
2 1 3

(a) Find the characteristic equation and all eigenvalues of A.

(b) Find a basis for each eigenspace of A.
1
(c) Is A diagonalizable? If yes, determine a matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that A = P DP .
If no, explain why.
cotangreation
27 3 742
a det A XI
2
2 x
1 1
7 1 7 21
1 and 2
1 and 2 with multiplicities
Eigenvalues of A are

b Ez A Nul A 213

xp fg
El x2 x ER span
is a basisforEz
En A Nul A I3

1
E f
X ER is a basis for EIA
En Span

dim E dink A is diagonalizable

c As dime
D Then A PDP
Take P and
f
4. (10 points) (Linear Transformations)
Let T : P2 ! P2 be the linear operator defined by

T (p(t)) = p(t) p0 (t)

where p0 (t) denotes the first derivative of p(t).

(a) Find the matrix [T ]B for T relative to the standard basis B of P2 .

(b) Find the characteristic polynomial of [T ]B (of T ) and determine the eigenvalues of [T ]B (of T ).
(c) For each eigenvalue of [T ]B (of T ) find an eigenvector of T corresponding its eigenvalue.

a 7111 1 0 1
T

IE
s is uppertriangular

b detect 77 11

with multiplicity 3
only eigenvalue of
The T is 1

c E T B Nul T Iz
back to the system
Going
1
net
Polynomials of the form
f
E T Span c
c.lt o tt o t
are eigenvectors of 1

1 is an eigenvector of 1
5. (12 points) (Complex Eigenvalues)

8 6
Let A = .
3 2

(a) Find all eigenvalues of A.

(b) Find a basis for each eigenspace of A in C2 .

a b 1
(c) Find an invertible matrix P and a matrix C of form such that A = P CP .
b a

a det A XI 8 8 2 77 18 72 107 34

5 31 and 5 31
Eigenvalues of A are

b A Nul A 5 31 I
Es si
6 0
3 31 2

3 5 9
Take x2 1 Then
Iti

for
Ii 53 A
is a basis

x̅ i basis for Estzi A

f1
is a

and c

f
P
f
where
c A PCP 3

f f also work
P c
3
 2 3
1 2 1
6 1 0 1 7
6. (14 points) (Orthogonal Projections) Let A = 6 7.
4 1 2 1 5 x 1 21 3
1 0 1

(a) Use the Gram-Schmidt process to find an orthogonal basis for the column space of A.
(b) Find an orthonormal basis for Col(A).
(c) Find a QR factorization of A.

a let a

1
usxz mj.ua ii

43 projays projuts tu 41 Us

u
fi i tH
42,43 forms an orthogonal basis for Col A

an orthonormal
basis for Colla
b
1 Yum Yug
forms
F and 114311 R
where Huill F 2 114211 2

of
f E
7. (14 points) (Least-squares problems)
2 3 2 3
1 1 1
Let A = 4 0 1 and b = 0 5 .
5 4
1 0 2

(a) Find a least-squares solution of Ax = b.

(b) Find the orthogonal projection of b onto Col(A) by using the least-squares solution found
in part (a).
(c) Compute the associated least-squares error.

AI A
AA
1
a
11 1 1 i
fil
Ab
f 11
b projuela b A
1

11 b projee b11 11 B
f
c
a 9
8. (10 points) (Inner Product Spaces)
Consider the vector space C [0, 1] of continuous functions on the closed interval [0, 1] with the
inner product on C [0, 1] given by

Z1
hf, gi = f (t) g (t) dt.
0

Let f (t) = t 1 and g(t) = t2 1.

(a) Find kf k and hf, gi.

(b) Find the distance between f and g. i.e dist(f, g).

f
f f ipdt 2 1 dt t4t
a If t

1 1
1 If 1 135 E
fig t 11121 dt
f t3 E 1 dt
E Ett
3 12
1 1 412 512

b dist t.gl l1f gll2 Cf gif g7 t t Eilat

t t Pdt t 2
3
7 dt

6 10
1,11 1 1 1 15

dist fig
F E