CHAPTER 1-

INTRODUCTION
OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Warmadewanthi,
Ho Chi Minh City University of
Technology
January, 17, 2024
 OUTLINE
1.1 Solid waste definition

1.2 Overview history of solid waste management

1.3 Generation of solid waste in industrial society

1.4. The effect of solid waste to the ecosystem

1.5. Municipal solid waste management systems

1.6. Integrated solid waste management

1.7. Future challenges and opportunities

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SOLID WASTE
Several definition of solid waste depend on regulation in each country.
➢ Solid wastes may be defined as useless, unused, unwanted, or
discarded material available in solid form (Tchobanoglous et al.
1993). Semisolid food wastes and municipal sludge may also be
included in municipal solid waste (Singh et al., 2014)
➢ Based on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) (2012) Municipal waste is collected and treated by, or for
municipalities. It covers waste from buildings, institutions, and small
businesses, households, including bulky waste, similar waste from
commerce and trade, office yard and garden, street sweepings,
contents of litter containers, and market cleansing Waste from
municipal sewage networks and treatment, as well as municipal
construction and demolition is excluded

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CON’T
➢ Solid or semi-solid waste generated in
population centers including domestic and,
commercial wastes, as well as those
originated by the small-scale industries and
institutions (including hospital and clinics);
market street sweeping, and from public
cleansing (WHO, 2012).
➢ The EU defines Municipal Solid Waste as
waste from households, as well as other
waste, which, because of its nature or
composition, is similar to waste from
households (EU Landfill Directive 99/31/EC).

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 HISTORY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste generation
“disiplin associated with the
Waste handling, separation, storage control of waste generation,
and processing at sources storage, collection, transfer and
transport, processing and disposal
Collection of solid waste in a realted with
best principles of public health,
economics, engineering,
Transfer and Separation processing and conservation, asthetic, and other
transport transformation of solid waste
environmental consideration, also
public attitude”

Disposal
Tchobanoglous et al. 1993 6
People on Crete in In AD 200, Rome instituted
about 1500 BC put the first documented
their rubbish in large sanitation force. It employed
pits and covered it teams of two men to pick up
with dirt. trash from the street.

1500 BC AD 200

500 BC

Athens, Greece in about 500 BC.

They mandated dumping trash at
least a mile out of town. And
explicitly not in the streets.
CON’t
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 CHANGED OF LIFESTYLE
CHANGED OF COMMUNITY
CHANGED OF GENERATION
CHANGED OF INDUSTIAL PROCESS
CHANGED OF CULTURE
18th – 19th centuries : Industrial Revolution and change
urban life style. Late in the 19th century, a technological
approach to solid-waste management begins to develop.

20th century : Municipal systems of waste disposal spring

up at the turn of the century in large cities of Europe and
North America. Technological advances continue during
the first half of the century. Garbage grinders, compaction
trucks, and pneumatic collection systems develop.

21th century- now: more technology and many of

policy, public participation, and etc for solid waste
management.
 Change of Our World

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 GENERATION OF
SOLID WASTE
Encompasses activities in which materials are
no longer being of value and are either throw
away or gathered together for disposal.
Several factors has some impact on solid
waste generation.

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FACTORS THAT RELATED TO SW GENERATION

Economic development

The degree of industrialization

Public Habits

Local Climate.

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 ECONOMIC
• Low-income economies are defined as those
with a GNI per capita, calculated using
the world bank atlas, of $995 or less in 2017;
• lower middle-income economies are those
with a GNI per capita between $996 and
$3,895;
• upper middle-income economies are those
with a GNI per capita between $3,896 and
$12,055;
• high-income economies are those with a GNI
per capita of $12,056 or more.

GNI per capita - Gross national income (GNI) 13

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Ngan (2018)

In HCMC
(Schneider et al.,
2017)
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WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF SOLID
WASTE TO ENVIRONMENT
1. Health Impact
Unattended waste lying around attracts flies, rats, and
other creatures that in turn spread disease.

Ingestion of contaminated water

or food (diarrhea, Cholera, etc))
Contact with disease vectors
Inhalation
Dermal
“ SOLID WASTE → A consequence of
our life”

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 1. Degradation of SW in
landfills to form
methane, a potential
greenhouse gas
2. GHGs has impact on
climate change
3. Littering, due to
waste pollutions,
illegal dumping,
4. Leaching: is a
process by which
solid waste enter soil
and ground water and
contaminating them.
2. Effect to environment
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“Flooding”

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 ▪In 21st February 2005
▪Waste covered an area
of 900 x 300 m
▪147 people died

LAND SLIDE IN LEUWIGAJAH LANDFILL

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 ▪Increase in mercury
level in fish due to
disposal of SW content
of mercury in the
rivers.
▪Plastic found in oceans
ingested by fish, turtle
and also bird.
▪Resulted in high algal
population in rivers and
sea.
3. Effect to animal and aquatic life ▪Degrades water and
soil quality

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 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

MSW management, included :

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As mentioned previously in p. 5 of this slide, there are elements of

1. Waste GENERATION
2. Waste Handling and Separation, Storange and Processing at SOURCES
3. Collection System
4. Separation, Processing and Transformation/Treatment
5. Transport and Transfer
6. Disposal

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 Separation and Storage

SEPARATION, STORAGE
AND PROCESSING AT Composting at home
SOURCES

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COLLECTION

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SEPARATION AND
TREATMENT

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TRANSPORT
AND
TRANSFER

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LANDFILL

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ACTORS IN
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Community
Goverment
Stakeholders: NGO,
Private Company,
Formal and Informal
Sectors, and etc.

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INTEGRATED
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
ISWM can be define as
the selection and
application of suitable
techniques,
technologies, and
management programs
to achieve specific
waste management
objectives and goals.

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 An Integrated solid waste management
system (van de Klundert and Anschütz 2001)

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 Three “pillar” really
important in solid waste
management
community

sustainability
government industry

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CON’T

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GLOBAL WASTE DISPOSAL
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 1. Increasing quantities
and chaning the
composition of solid
waste change
habits
2. Increasing severity
and adverse impact
3. Increasing of cost
management
4. Limited policy
FUTURE CHALLENGES and opportunity of framework and lack
of political priority
ISWM
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 1. Negative impact will
increase that have
some impact to
publich health and
also to environment.
2. Example: methane
emission from
“landfill”,
contamintaed
ground water,
surface water, and
soil.
3. Need a really
INCREASING SEVERITY AND ADVERSE termendous efforts
and resources
IMPACT rejuvenation

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 1. Reducing the
volume of waste at
sources.
2. Making landfill safer
3. Development of new
technology related
to Industrial
Revolution 4.0 and
Smart City.
OPPORTUNITY

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THANK YOU

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