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Digital Signal Processing: HGT Sandaruwan

The document discusses the Fourier Transform, which is a mathematical procedure to convert time-domain signals into their frequency spectrum. It explains the concept of harmonics and how they relate to fundamental frequencies, as well as the construction of Fourier series to approximate periodic functions. The document also outlines the steps to calculate Fourier coefficients for given functions.

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5 views16 pages

Digital Signal Processing: HGT Sandaruwan

The document discusses the Fourier Transform, which is a mathematical procedure to convert time-domain signals into their frequency spectrum. It explains the concept of harmonics and how they relate to fundamental frequencies, as well as the construction of Fourier series to approximate periodic functions. The document also outlines the steps to calculate Fourier coefficients for given functions.

Uploaded by

dinesh19960825
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Signal Processing

HGT Sandaruwan

D32T001M25
The Fourier Transform

Ordinarily we make a measurement in the time domain (signal


amplitude as a function of time).

To obtain the frequency content we need to obtain the signal spectrum


(signal amplitude as a function of frequency).

Conversion between the two domains is obtained by a mathematical


procedure called a Fourier transform.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


A Simple Example

Consider a temporal signal which can be described by a cosine with a


period of 0.01 s and an amplitude of 0.26 V. The signal can be written as
follows.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


A Simple Example

What is desired is the frequency content, that is, the signal spectrum. For
this case it is easy to see that there is only one frequency, 100 Hz, which is
given by the reciprocal of the period.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


A Simple Example

The Fourier transform formalism requires that we include negative


frequencies (in order that even functions transform into even functions,
and odd functions transform into odd functions).

As a result, the spectrum consists of two impulse functions, one at -


100Hz and one at +100Hz.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


The Fourier Series Definition

A graph of periodic function f(x)


that has period L exhibits the
same pattern every L units along
the x-axis, so that
f(x+L) = f(x)
for every value of x.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


The Fourier Series Definition

This property of repetition defines a fundamental spatial frequency


k = 2 /L that can be used to give a first approximation to the periodic
pattern f(x):

where symbols with subscript 1 are constants that determine the


amplitude and phase of this first approximation

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


Harmonics

A harmonic is a signal or wave whose frequency is an integral (whole-


number) multiple of the frequency of some reference signal or wave.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


Harmonics
For a signal whose fundamental frequency is f , the second harmonic
has a frequency 2 f , the third harmonic has a frequency of 3 f , and so
on.
Let w represent the wavelength of the signal or wave in a specified
medium. The second harmonic has a wavelength of w /2, the third
harmonic has a wavelength of w /3, and so on.

Signals occurring at frequencies of 2 f , 4 f , 6 f , etc. are called even


harmonics; the signals at frequencies of 3 f , 5 f , 7 f , etc. are called odd
harmonics. A signal can, in theory, have infinitely many harmonics.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


The Fourier Series Definition

A much better approximation of the periodic pattern f(x) can be built up


by adding an appropriate combination of harmonics to this
fundamental (sine-wave) pattern. For example, adding

Here, symbols with subscripts are constants that determine the


amplitude and phase of each harmonic contribution

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


The Fourier Series Definition
One can even approximate
a square-wave pattern with
a suitable sum that involves
a fundamental sine-wave
plus a combination of
harmonics of this
fundamental frequency.
This sum is called a Fourier
series

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


The Fourier Series Definition
In here, we consider working out Fourier series for functions f(x) with
period L = 2 . Their fundamental frequency is then k = 2 /L = 1, and
their Fourier series representations involve terms like

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


The Fourier Series Definition

In here, also include a constant term a0/2 in the Fourier series. This allows to
represent functions that are, for example, entirely above the x−axis. With a
sufficient number of harmonics included, our approximate series can exactly
represent a given function f(x)

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


The Fourier Series Definition

A more compact way of writing the Fourier series of a function f(x),


with period 2 , uses the variable subscript n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


The Fourier Series Definition
We need to work out the Fourier coefficients (a0, an and bn) for given
functions f(x). This process is broken down into three steps

where integrations are over a single interval in x of L = 2

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY


Thank You…

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ANURADHAPURA, UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

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