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Module-4

Module 4 covers random sampling, parameters and statistics, and sampling distributions in statistics. It explains the importance of random sampling in research, distinguishes between parameters (population measures) and statistics (sample measures), and introduces sampling distributions of sample means. Various random sampling techniques such as lottery, systematic, stratified, cluster, and multi-stage sampling are also discussed.

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Ashlei Siazar
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3 views

Module-4

Module 4 covers random sampling, parameters and statistics, and sampling distributions in statistics. It explains the importance of random sampling in research, distinguishes between parameters (population measures) and statistics (sample measures), and introduces sampling distributions of sample means. Various random sampling techniques such as lottery, systematic, stratified, cluster, and multi-stage sampling are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Ashlei Siazar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Random Sampling, Parameter and

Statistic, and Sampling Distribution


of Statistics
MODULE 4

<<
SESSION OUTLINE

LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3


RANDOM PARAMETER AND SAMPLING
SAMPLING STATISTIC DISTRIBUTION OF
STATISTICS
(sample mean)
LEARNING TARGETS:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate random sampling; (M11/12SP-IIId-2)


2. distinguish between parameter and statistic; (M11/12SP-
IIId-3) and
3. identify sampling distribution of statistics (sample mean).
(M11/12SP-IIId-4)
1

Random
Sampling
Random Sampling

If a researcher wants to observe,


examine or test a theory or hypothesis,
he will consider the problem by
selecting a section of the population of
the study using a method called
random sampling.
Random Sampling

In random sampling, all subjects in


the population listed in the study have
the same chances of being chosen
for the survey. This means that,
ultimately, each member of the
sample retains characteristics, or
impartial characteristics, of the
population.
Random Sampling

With random sampling, the conclusions


of the post-hypothesis tests applied to
the sample selection will apply to the
entire population as well. When bias in
sample selection is avoided, the results
of a particular study are considered
more conclusive and the error is
minimized.
Analyze the following study.

1. Mrs. Dela Cruz wants to get the analysis on her pre-test in


Statistics and probability of grade 11 students in ABC high school
with 150 students in the subject. Should she get the scores of one
class only?
Analyze the following study.

1. Mrs. Dela Cruz wants to get the analysis on her pre-test in Statistics and
probability of grade 11 students in ABC high school with 150 students in the
subject. Should she get the scores of one class only?

● Analysis

Mrs. Dela Cruz class is not that big, it is much better if she will get the scores of
her entire class to have an analysis.
POPULATION
● refers to the whole group under study or investigation
● In research, the population does not always refer to people. It
may mean a group containing elements of anything you want
to study, such as objects, events, organizations, countries,
species, organisms, etc.
SAMPLE
● a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling
or by non-random sampling
● a representation of the population where it is hoped that valid
conclusions will be drawn from the population
Random sampling is a
selection of n elements derived
from the N population, which is
the subject of an investigation
or experiment, where each
point of the sample has an
equal chance of being selected
using the appropriate sampling
technique.
Types of
Random Sampling
Techniques
Types of Random Sampling Techniques:

● Lottery sampling
● Systematic sampling
● Stratified random sampling
● Cluster sampling
● Multi-stage sampling
Lottery Sampling
● each member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected
● An instance of this is when members of the
population have their names represented
by small pieces of paper that are then
randomly mixed together and picked out.
● In the sample, the members selected will
be included.
Systematic Sampling
● members of the population are listed
and samples are selected at intervals
called sample intervals

● In this technique, every nth item in


the list will be selected from a
randomly selected starting point.
Systematic Sampling
● For example, if we want to draw a
200 sample from a population of
6,000, we can select every 3rd
person in the list. In practice, the
numbers between 1 and 30 will be
chosen randomly to act as the
starting point.
Stratified Random Sampling
● The sample is constructed by classifying
the population into subpopulations or strata
on the basis of certain characteristics of the
population, such as age, gender or socio-
economic status. The selection of elements
is then done separately from within each
stratum, usually by random or systematic
sampling methods.
Stratified Random Sampling
● Example: Using stratified random sampling,
select a sample of 400 students from the
population which are grouped according to
the cities they come from. The table shows
the number of students per city.
Stratified Random Sampling
● Solution:

To determine the number of students to be taken as sample from each


city, we divide the number of students per city by total population (N=
28,000) multiply the result by the total sample size (n= 400).
Cluster Sampling
● sometimes referred to as area
sampling and applied on a
geographical basis

● Generally, first sampling is


performed at higher levels before
going down to lower levels.
Cluster Sampling
● For example, samples are
taken randomly from the
provinces first, followed by
cities, municipalities or
barangays, and then from
households.
Multi-stage Sampling
● uses a combination of different sampling techniques

● For example, when selecting respondents for a national election


survey, we can use the lottery method first for regions and cities.
We can then use stratified sampling to determine the number of
respondents from selected areas and clusters.
2

Parameter
and Statistic
The parameters and statistics are closely
related terms that are important for the
determination of the sample size. Many
have trouble understanding the difference
between the parameter and the statistic, but
it's important to know exactly what these
measures mean and how to distinguish
them.
PARAMETER

● A parameter is a descriptive population measure. It is a


measure of the characteristics of the entire population (a mass
of all the units under consideration that share common
characteristics) based on all the elements within that
population.
PARAMETER

Example:
1. All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide, all
elements in a shopping cart, and all students in a classroom.
2. The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for their
favorite apparel brand.
STATISTIC

● the number that describes the sample


● can be calculated and observed directly
● a characteristic of a population or sample group
● You will get the sample statistic when you collect the sample and
calculate the standard deviation and the mean.
● can be used to draw certain conclusions about the entire
population
STATISTIC

Example:
1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest
health care proposal. Researchers can’t ask hundreds of
millions of people if they agree, so they take samples or part of
the population and calculate the rest.
2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19 survivors.
3
Sampling
Distribution
of the
Sample Means
In the previous lesson, you have learned
the concept about the parameter and
statistic. In this lesson we will study a form
of probability distribution which is known as
the sampling distribution.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
A sampling distribution of sample mean is a frequency
distribution using the means computed from all possible random
samples of a specific size taken from a population.
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6,
10, and 12. Consider samples of size 2 that can be
drawn from this population.
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12. Consider
samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.

A. How many possible samples can be drawn?


A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12. Consider
samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.

B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.


List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12. Consider
samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.

C. Make a probability distribution of the sample means.


This probability distribution is called the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12. Consider
samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.

C. Make a probability distribution of the sample means.

This probability distribution is called the sampling distribution of the


sample means.
C. Make a probability distribution of the sample means.
Example 2:

Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean for the set of data


below.

86 88 90 95 98

Consider a sample size of 3 that can be drawn from a population.


THANK YOU!!

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