Scribd
Upload
244 views26 pages

Topic 2-Hydrostatic Pressure-1

The document provides an overview of hydrostatics, focusing on fluid at rest and the principles of pressure, including atmospheric, gauge, and absolute pressure. It explains Pascal's Law and variations of pressure in static fluids, detailing how pressure changes with depth and the calculations involved. Additionally, it includes sample problems to illustrate the application of these concepts in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

jhessamaede
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
244 views26 pages

Topic 2-Hydrostatic Pressure-1

The document provides an overview of hydrostatics, focusing on fluid at rest and the principles of pressure, including atmospheric, gauge, and absolute pressure. It explains Pascal's Law and variations of pressure in static fluids, detailing how pressure changes with depth and the calculations involved. Additionally, it includes sample problems to illustrate the application of these concepts in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

jhessamaede
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

HYDROSTATIC

PRESSURE
TOPIC 2
INTRODUCTION
Hydrostatics or Fluid statics deals with the study of fluid at rest wherein the
system is in equilibrium and the effect of force exerted by the fluid on an
immersed object. It is an important body of knowledge that exists in all
biological environments. It covers principles applied in various equipment,
machines, vehicles, ships, submarines, medicine (pressure in blood vessels),
hydraulic structures, etc.
Pressure force applied per unit area over which that force is distributed in all
directions.
𝑭
𝑷=
𝑨
INTRODUCTION
UNITS OF PRESSURE
 1 N/m2 or 1 Pascal, Pa
 1 lb/in2 or 1 psi
 1 atm= 101.325 Kpa
 1 bar= 100KPa
 760 torr= 1 atm
 14.7psi= 1 atm
 760 mmHg= 1 atm
 29.9 inHg=1 atm
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, GAUGE PRESSURE AND
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure at
any point on earth’s surface exerted by the
weight of the air above that point. At mean
sea level, the standard reference for
measuring atmospheric pressure, it is taken
as:
1 atm,
101.325kPa,
14.7 psi,
29.9 in Hg,
760mmHg

Atmospheric pressure can be measured


using barometer
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, GAUGE PRESSURE AND
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, GAUGE PRESSURE AND
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

Gage Pressure (Relative Pressure) is the resulting


pressure obtained over and above the atmospheric
pressure and can be measured using manometer
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, GAUGE PRESSURE AND
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

(NEGATIVE PRESSURE OR VACUUM) POSITIVE GAGE PRESSURE


ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, GAUGE PRESSURE AND
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

Absolute Pressure is the pressure measured above absolute zero. It is always equal to
the sum of gage and atmospheric pressure.

Pabs = Patm + Pgage


PASCAL’S LAW
introduced by a French mathematician and
philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), states that “at
any point in a static fluid, the pressure is equal if the
points measured are in the same depth and same
fluid”. It can be proven through a fluid in a series of
tubes (Pascal Tubes) which rises in the same level
regardless of the shape, size or angle.
PRESSURE VARIATION IN A STATIC FLUID
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that is exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given
point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity. Hydrostatic pressure increases in
proportion to depth measured from the surface because of the increasing weight of
fluid exerting downward force from above. Therefore, the difference in pressure
between two points in a static fluid is equal to the product of the unit weight of the fluid
and the vertical distance between two points.

Pb-Pa = γh
where Pa= pressure at point A, N/m2
Pb= pressure at point B, N/m2
γ= unit weight of fluid , N/m3 A
h= depth of fluid, m

Pb = Pa + γh
B
Pa = Pb - γh
PRESSURE VARIATION IN A STATIC FLUID

If point A is at the surface of the fluid, Pa is equal to zero because it is


only exposed to atmospheric pressure and its gauge pressure is zero.
Therefore, pressure at point B is;
Pb = γh
A

B C

Points at the same depth and homogenous fluid has the same
magnitude of pressure
PB=Pc
PRESSURE VARIATION IN A STATIC FLUID

For various layers of fluid, pressure at the bottom can be computed getting the
sum of pressures from the topmost layer.
Pbottom= γ1h1+ γ2h2+ γ3h3+……+ γnhn
PRESSURE VARIATION IN A STATIC FLUID

Pressure head is the height of a


column of homogenous fluid that will h
produce an intensity of pressure.
𝑷
h=
𝜸
To convert pressure head of a certain
fluid to another fluid experiencing
SAME PRESSURE
the same intensity of pressure,
𝑃𝐴 =𝑃𝐵 h
𝛾𝐴 ℎ𝐴 = 𝛾𝐵 ℎ𝐵 h
𝜸𝑩 𝒉𝑩
𝒉𝑨 =
𝜸𝑨
MERCURY OIL
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. A weather person states that the barometric
pressure is 29 in of mercury. Convert this pressure
to
(a) kPa,
(b) psi,
(c) ft of water, and
(d) bars
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the absolute pressure in kpa at a depth of 10m below the
surface of oil (sg=0.75)

10 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM
If the pressure in the air space above an oil (sg=0.75) surface in a
closed tank is 115kpa abs, what is the gage pressure 2m below the
surface?

115kpa abs

2m
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Compute for the pressure (kPa) in points:
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
f. F
g. G
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Compute for the pressure (kPa) in points:
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
f. F
g. G
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Compute for the pressure (kPa) in points:
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
f. F
g. G
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Compute for the pressure (kPa) in points:
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
f. F
g. G
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A manometer connects an oil pipeline and a water pipeline as
shown. Determine the difference in pressure (in kPa) between the
two pipelines (𝑷𝟏 - 𝑷𝟔 ) using the readings on the manometer.
Use SG oil = 0.86 and SG Hg = 13.6
SAMPLE PROBLEM
What force in kN in the plunger B with area of 0.00323m2 is
required to lift a weight of 44kN if the area of the cylinder is
0.323 m2 if the plunger is 4.6m higher than the cylinder and the
passage is filled with oil whose specific gravity is 0.78?
BOYLE’S LAW

In an isothermal condition, the product of Pressure and Volume (PV) is constant.


This is known as Boyle’s law
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐

𝑷𝟏 = Initial pressure (abs)


𝑷𝟐 = Final Pressure (abs)
𝑽𝟏 = Initial Volume
𝑽𝟐 = Final Volume
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The height of the headwater of a dam is 26m.
An air bubble is then observed from the bottom
up to the liquid surface. Determine the ratio of
the volume of air bubble at the surface from its
volume at the bottom.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A cylindrical tank having a diameter
of 1.0m and a height of 5m is open at
one end and closed at the other. It is
placed below the water surface with
its open end down. How deep below
the water surface should the top of
the tank be placed if the depth of
the water inside is 1.8m.

You might also like