1.

Characteristics of Computer:

computer system's key characteristics include speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility,

memory, and reliability, allowing them to perform complex tasks efficiently and
consistently.

Here's a more detailed explanation of these characteristics:

• Speed:

Computers can process data and perform calculations at incredibly high speeds, often
millions of instructions per second.

• Accuracy:

Computers are known for their high degree of accuracy in calculations and data
processing, minimizing errors.

• Diligence:

Unlike humans, computers can work tirelessly and consistently without fatigue,
performing tasks repeatedly with the same accuracy.

• Versatility:

Computers are capable of performing a wide variety of tasks, from simple calculations
to complex simulations, making them adaptable to different applications.

• Memory:

Computers have built-in memory (primary memory) to store data and instructions, and
secondary storage devices (like hard drives) for long-term storage.

• Reliability:

Computers are designed to be reliable, meaning they consistently deliver accurate

results when presented with the same inputs.

• Automation:

Computers can automate tasks, performing operations automatically once

programmed, reducing human intervention.

• Storage Capacity:

Computers can store large amounts of data and information, enabling efficient data
management and retrieval.

• Connectivity:

Modern computer systems are designed to connect with other devices and networks,
facilitating data sharing and collaboration.

• Scalability:

Computer systems can be scaled up or down to meet changing needs, allowing for
flexibility in performance and capacity.

• Logical Operation:
 Computers operate based on logical operations, following a set of instructions to
process data and produce outputs.

2. Difference between hardware and software .

Hardware:
• Definition:
The tangible, physical parts of a computer system that you can see and touch.
• Examples:
Keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPU (central processing unit), RAM (random access memory),
hard drive, printer, etc.
• Function:
Provides the physical foundation for a computer to function, enabling it to perform tasks.
• Characteristics:
• Physical and tangible.
• Can be damaged or broken.
• Needs to be maintained and can be upgraded or replaced.
• Hardware cannot function without software.
Software:
• Definition:
A set of instructions or programs that tell the computer what to do and how to perform
specific tasks.
• Examples:
Operating systems (like Windows or macOS), applications (like Microsoft Word or
Photoshop), games, web browsers, etc.
• Function:
Provides the instructions that the hardware uses to perform tasks.
• Characteristics:
• Intangible and digital.
• Can be updated or replaced through digital downloads.
• Software cannot be executed without hardware.
• Software can have bugs or glitches that cause it to malfunction.
3.Difference between static RAM and DYNAMIC RAM.
SRAM (static RAM) is a type of random access memory (RAM) that retains data bits in its
memory as long as power is being supplied. Unlike dynamic RAM (DRAM), which must be
continuously refreshed, SRAM does not have this requirement, resulting in better
performance and lower power usage.
4.Difference between LAN,MAN,WAN.
What is LAN?
LAN stands for local area network. It is a group of network devices that allow
communication between various connected devices. Private ownership has control over
the local area network rather than the public. LAN has a shorter propagation delay than
MAN as well as WAN. It covers smaller areas such as colleges, schools, hospitals, and so
on.
What is MAN?
MAN stands for metropolitan area network. It covers a larger area than LAN such as small
towns, cities, etc. MAN connects two or more computers that reside within the same or
completely different cities. MAN is expensive and should or might not be owned by one
organization.
What is WAN?
WAN stands for wide area network. It covers a large area than LAN as well as a MAN such
as country/continent etc. WAN is expensive and should or might not be owned by one
organization. PSTN or satellite medium is used for wide area networks.
5.Different between primary memory and secondary memory with suitable example.
The primary memory of a computer is the main memory that is utilized to store data
temporarily.
Secondary memory defines to additional storage devices that are utilized to store data
permanently.
Primary memory is temporary.
Secondary memory is permanent.
Primary memory is faster than secondary memory because it is directly accessible to
the CPU.
Secondary memory is non-volatile, which means it retains data even when the power is
off.
Primary memory is directly accessible by Processor/CPU.
Secondary memory is not directly accessible by the CPU.
6.explain storage mechanism of hard disk.
Hard drives magnetize tiny regions on spinning disks to save data. Each platter has a
magnetic coating and is split into billions of small sections that can be magnetized
separately. Data is saved and retrieved by a magnetic coil (a head that moves over the
disk's surface via a voice coil motor).
7. explain the service provided by an operating system.
Operating systems (OS) provide essential services that act as an interface between users
and hardware, managing resources and enabling software execution, including file
management, memory management, process management, and input/output handling.
Here's a breakdown of key services provided by an operating system:
1. Process Management:
• Program Execution:
The OS loads programs into memory and manages their execution, ensuring that programs
can start, run, and terminate normally or forcefully.
• Resource Allocation:
The OS allocates CPU time, memory, and other resources to different processes, allowing
multiple programs to run concurrently.
• Process Termination:
The OS handles the termination of processes, releasing resources when a program is no
longer needed.
• Inter-Process Communication:
The OS facilitates communication between different processes, allowing them to share
data and synchronize their activities.
2. Memory Management:
• Memory Allocation: The OS allocates memory space to different processes and
applications.
• Memory Protection: The OS protects memory regions to prevent one process
from interfering with the memory of another.
• Virtual Memory: The OS uses virtual memory to extend the available memory
capacity, allowing programs to run that exceed the physical memory limit.
3. File System Management:
• File Creation, Deletion, and Modification:
The OS provides tools for creating, deleting, and modifying files and directories.
• Directory Management:
The OS manages the organization of files into directories and subdirectories.
• Storage Allocation:
The OS allocates storage space to files and directories, ensuring efficient use of disk
space.
4. Input/Output (I/O) Management:
• Device Handling: The OS manages interactions with various input and output
devices, such as keyboards, mice, displays, and printers.
• Data Transfer: The OS handles data transfer between the computer and
peripheral devices.
• Device Drivers: The OS uses device drivers to interact with specific hardware
devices.
5. Security:
• Access Control: The OS enforces access control mechanisms to protect system
resources and data from unauthorized access.
• User Authentication: The OS authenticates users before granting them access to
the system.
• Data Protection: The OS provides mechanisms for protecting data from
corruption or unauthorized modification.
6. Networking:
• Communication: The OS provides services for network communication, allowing
computers to connect and exchange data.
• Network Protocols: The OS supports various network protocols, such as TCP/IP.
• Resource Sharing: The OS enables sharing of resources, such as files and
printers, across a network.

8.Define ecommerece and explain its types in brief.

E-commerce, or electronic commerce, is the buying and selling of goods and services
over the internet, involving transactions like funds transfer and data transmission. The
main types are Business-to-Business (B2B), Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Consumer-
to-Business (C2B), and Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C).

Here's a brief explanation of each type:

• Business-to-Business (B2B):

Transactions between businesses, such as a wholesaler selling products to a retailer.

• Business-to-Consumer (B2C):

Transactions where businesses sell directly to individual consumers, like an online

store selling clothes.

• Consumer-to-Business (C2B):
Transactions where consumers offer goods or services to businesses, like a freelancer
offering their services to a company.

• Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C):

Transactions where consumers sell directly to other consumers, like an online

marketplace where individuals sell used items.