BY: VIVEK CHAUHAN 7529973769

FORCE AND LAW OF MOTION

FORCE: To push or pull anything is called force. It is the force that enables us to do any work. To do
anything either we pull or push the object. Example : to open a door, either we push or pull it. A drawer is
pulled to open and pushed to close.

Characteristics of force:
• Force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity.
• It is measured in the SI unit of Newton
• It is represented by the symbol F.
• Force= mass x acceleration (F=ma)
EFFECTS OF FORCE:

➢ Force can make a stationary body in moving body. (rest to motion)

➢ Force can stop a moving body.( motion to rest)
➢ Force can change the direction of moving body.
➢ Force can change the speed or velocity of a moving body.
➢ Force can change the shape and size of an object.

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

(i) Balanced Forces: If the resultant of applied forces is equal to zero, it is called balanced forces.
For example: In the tug of war game when the force applied by both teams is equal in magnitude then the
rope does not move in either side. This is due to the balanced forces in which resultant of applied forces
comes out to be zero. Characteristics:

• Balanced forces do not cause any change of state of an object.

• Balanced forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
• Balanced forces can change the shape and size of an object. For example: When we press a balloon from
opposite sides, the size and shape of balloon is changed.
(i) Unbalanced Forces: If the resultant of applied forces are greater than zero, the forces are called
unbalanced forces.
To move an object unbalanced forces are to be applied from the opposite directions. In case of
unbalanced forces acting on a body, it moves a in the direction of the greater force.

Unbalanced forces can:

• Change the speed and position of an object.

• Change the shape and size of an object.
 BY: VIVEK CHAUHAN 7529973769

Frictional Force: The force which opposes the Force and Laws of Motion of an object while being in
contact with the other object, is known as frictional force. Example: When we try to push a table and it
does not move is because it is balanced by the frictional force.

LAWS OF MOTION
Newton’s First Law of Motion or Law of Inertia
It states that any object will remain in the state of rest or in Motion along a straight line until it is
compelled to change the state by applying external force.
OR
A body continues to be in the state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an
external unbalanced force. The First Law is also called the Law of Inertia.

Inertia
Defintion: Inertia is a property or tendency of every object to resist any change in its state of rest or of
uniform Force and Laws of Motion.
It is measured by the mass of an object. The heavier the object, the greater will be its inertia.
All bodies do not have the same inertia. Inertia depends on the mass of a body. Mass of an object is the
measure of its inertia.
More the mass → more inertia and vice versa.
 BY: VIVEK CHAUHAN 7529973769

Application of Newton's first Laws of Motion:

• When a straight moving bus suddenly stops down, the passengers sitting inside fall in the forward
direction. This is because the body of the passenger initially moving in a straight line tends to move the
same way even after the brakes are applied, making the passenger fall in the forward direction.
• When we hit a carpet it loses inertia of rest and moves. But the dust in it retains inertia of rest and is left
behind. Thus dust and carpet are separated.
• When a tree is shaken, it moves to and fro. But fruit remains at rest due to its inertia of rest. Due to this
fruit breaks off the tree.

Momentum
The momentum of a body is defined as the product of its mass and velocity.
Or
Power of motion of an object is called momentum.
Thus, momentum = mass × velocity
p=mxv
where, p = momentum
m = mass of the body
v = velocity of the body
The S.l unit of momentum is kilograms meters per second (kg.m/s)

Change in momentum: It is defined as the difference between final momentum and initial momentum.
Let u be the initial momentum of a body and v be its final momentum, then
Change in momentum = mv - mu
Rate of change of momentum: The rate at which the momentum of an object is changing is known as
the rate of change of momentum.

Applications of Momentum:
• A small bullet can penetrate into the body of a man and kill him when fired from a gun because it has a
large momentum due to its great velocity.
• A person gets severely injured when hit by a fast moving vehicle which is due to the momentum of
vehicle due to large mass and high velocity.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

It states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied unbalanced
force and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.
 BY: VIVEK CHAUHAN 7529973769

Mathematical formulation of Newton’s Second Law of Motion:

Let mass of an moving object be m.
Let is initial velocity be u and final velocity be v.
We know that momentum (p) = Mass × velocity
Therefore,
Initial momentum of object = mu
And Final momentum of the object = mv
Therefore, change in momentum = mv – mu

Where k is the proportionality constant

Now, 1 unit force is defined as the force applied on an object of mass 1kg to produce the acceleration of
1m/s2.
Thus, 1 unit of force = k ×1kg ×1m/s2
⟹ k=1

By putting the value of k=1 in equation (ii), we get:

F = ma
Force = Mass × Acceleration
SI unit of force is newton(N)

Applications of Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

• A fielder pulls his hand backward; while catching a cricket ball coming with a great speed. Actually, while
catching a cricket ball the momentum of ball is reduced to zero. If the ball is stopped suddenly, its
momentum will be reduced to zero instantly causing the instant rate of change in momentum due to
which ball will exert great force on the hands of player due to which the player’s hand may get injured.
Therefore, by pulling the hand backward a fielder gives more time to the change of momentum to become
zero. This prevents the hands of fielder from getting hurt.
 BY: VIVEK CHAUHAN 7529973769
• For athletes of long and high jump, sand bed or cushioned bed is provided at the place of landing. This is
because when an athlete falls on the ground after performing a high or long jump, the momentum of his
body is reduced to zero. If the momentum of an athlete will be reduced to zero instantly, it will result in
the production of a large force which may hurt the player. Whereas, by providing a cushioned bed, the
momentum of player’s body is reduced to zero in a delayed period due to which less force acts on his
body hence, preventing the athlete from getting hurt.
• Seat belts in a car are provided to prevent the passenger from getting thrown in the direction of motion.
In case of sudden braking or any accident, passengers may get thrown in the direction of motion of
vehicle and may get fatal injuries. Whereas, the stretchable seat belts prevent the passenger’s body to fall
suddenly and thus increase the time of the rate of momentum to be become zero. This will reduce the
effective force hence preventing the passenger from getting any fatal injury.

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that every action has equal and opposite reaction.

Applications of Newton's Third Law of Motion:

• Recoil of gun: When bullet is fired from a gun, it moves ahead. By the Newton’s 3rd law of motion, the
bullet apply same force on gun in backward direction. Due to this force, gun moves back giving a jerk to
the shoulder of the gunman. This is called recoil of gun. Here, gun moves back only by small amount due
to its heavy mass.
• Walking of a person: A person is able to walk due to the Newton’s Third Law of Motion. During walking, a
person pushes the ground in backward direction and in the reaction the ground also pushes the person
with equal magnitude of force but in opposite direction. This enables him to move in forward direction
against the push.
• Swimming in water: Man pushes water back by applying force. By Newton's 3 Law, water applies equal
and opposite force on swimmer. Due to this force man moves ahead.
• Propulsion of a boat in forward direction – Sailor pushes water with oar in backward direction; resulting
water pushing the oar in forward direction. Consequently, the boat is pushed in forward direction.

Law of Conservation of Momentum

If two or more objects apply force on each other with no extemnal force, their final momentum remains
same as initial momentum.
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
Mathematical Formulation of Conservation of Momentum:
Suppose, two objects A and B each of mass m1 and mass m2 are moving initially with velocities u1 and u2,
strike each other after time t and start moving with velocities v1 and v2 respectively.

We know that, Momentum = Mass x Velocity

 BY: VIVEK CHAUHAN 7529973769
Therefore,

Initial momentum of object A = m1u1

Initial momentum of object B = m2u2
Final momentum of object A = m1v1
Final momentum of object B = m2v2
Now, Rate of change of momentum = Change in momentum/ time taken

Therefore,

Thus, Total initial momentum = Total final momentum

Applications of Conservation of Momentum:

• Propelling of rocket: The chemicals inside the rocket burn and produce the high velocity blast of hot
gases. These gases get ejected downwards with a great velocity. To conserve the total momentum of
gases, the rocket moves up with a large velocity.
• Flight of jet planes: In jet planes, a large volume of gases produced by combustion of fuel is allowed to
escape through a jet in backward direction. Due to the high velocity, the backward moving gases have a
large momentum. In order to conserve the momentum, the plane get a push in forward direction and
moves with the great speed.