CLL231: Fluid Mechanics for Chemical

Engineers

Somnath Ghosh
[email protected]

Video: https://www.youtube.com/
1
 Viscous flow through ducts
(Munson Ch7 (8th Ed.); White Ch: 6 (7th Ed.) )

2
Viscous flows: closed and open channel
➢ Flow of fluid is omnipresent; from macro-scale flow to micro-nano scale flow like the flow
of blood in bodies.
➢ For industrial applications, we are interested in flow of fluids through channels with
different cross-sections.
➢ Pipes are filled with fluids but in many cases, pipes are partially filled.

closed conduits open channel flow

4
Viscous flows: Laminar and turbulent
Laminar flow: at low flow velocities, fluids tend to move without lateral mixing; adjacent
layers of fluids slide past one another; no cross-flow, no circulation, no swirls of fluids.
Turbulent flow : characterized by the chaotic motion of fluid molecules which causes rapid
change in pressure and local flow velocity.
Transition flow : cross-over between laminar and turbulent flow.
the distinction of different flow regimes was first demonstrated by Osborne Reynolds in 1883.
The non-dimensional number to characterize the flow is named after him (Reynolds Number).

laminar transient turbulent

5
Viscous flows: Reynolds Number
Reynolds number: non-dimensional number that characterizes fluid flow through conduits.
Reynolds Number (Re)
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑉𝜌 𝐷𝑉 where 𝝂 is kinematic viscosity or
= = =
𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝜇 𝜈 momentum diffusivity

Re < 2000 laminar

> 4000 turbulent
we know, volumetric flowrate, Q= V*A => V=Q/A= 4Q/πD2
𝐷𝑉 4𝑄 4𝑚ሶ
𝑅𝑒 = = =
𝜈 𝜋𝐷𝜈 𝜋𝐷𝜇
𝐷ℎ 𝑉𝜌
for non-circular duct, 𝑅𝑒 = where Dh is hydraulic diameter
𝜇
4 ∗ 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 4∗𝐴
𝐷ℎ = =
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃
6
Hydraulic diameter

D
a a
b b 𝜋𝐷2
A=a*b, P=2a+b A= ; 𝑃 = 𝜋𝐷
A=a*b, P=2(a+b) 4 2
4∗𝑎∗𝑏 2𝑎𝑏 4∗𝑎∗𝑏 4𝑎𝑏 𝜋𝐷
𝐷ℎ = = 𝐷ℎ = = 4∗
2(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎 + 𝑏) 2𝑎 + 𝑏 2𝑎 + 𝑏 𝐷ℎ = 4 =𝐷
𝜋𝐷
y umax y umax
x x u(y)
u(y)
laminar turbulent
𝑣 1 𝑣 4
= ≈
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 5 7
Entry length in pipe flow

entrance region fully developed developing region fully developed

flow of fluid is constrained by the bounding walls and the viscous effects grow gradually. Viscous
boundary layer is formed and grow downstream retarding the axial flow at the wall and
accelerating the central core region to maintain the incompressible continuity requirement:
𝑄 = න 𝑢𝑑𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
from dimensional analysis, it has been observed that Re is the only parameter that influences the
𝑙
entry length le; 𝑒 = 𝑓(𝑅𝑒)
𝐷

8
Entry length in pipe flow

entrance region fully developed developing region fully developed

1 2

D
𝑙𝑒
typically: = 0.06𝑅𝑒 → 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝐷
1
𝑙𝑒
= 4.4𝑅𝑒 6 → 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝐷
if we know Re, we can easily estimate the le.
between 1 and 2: 𝑄 = 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑄 𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒.
1 𝜌 𝜌 2
𝑄1 𝑄2
𝑉1 = = = 𝑉2 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐴1 𝐴2

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Shear stress distribution and friction loss in pipe flow
consider a steady state flow of fluid with constant density through a horizontal pipe. Acceleration
is zero. flow is fully developed; convective acceleration is zero. Since the flow is viscous, shear
force opposing the flow will exist at any layer.
V L R
A r
p1 p2

෍ 𝐹 = 0 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ; −𝜌1 𝑄1 𝑉1 + 𝜌2 𝑄2 𝑉2 = 0

only the pressure and shear forces are acting on the rim of fluid element.
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝐴 − 𝜏 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 = 0
∆𝑝 2𝜏
⇒ =
𝐿 𝑟
so, the net force due to pressure is equal to the shear force;
for the entire cross-section of the tube, we can consider: at the wall r = 𝑅; 𝜏 = 𝜏𝑤
𝜏𝑤 𝜏
= = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑅 𝑟 10
Shear stress distribution and friction loss in pipe flow
at the center of the tube: r=0, 𝜏=0.

u(r)
Variation of velocity and shear stress in a pipe flow
∆𝑝 2𝜏
𝑛𝑜𝑤, =
𝐿 𝑟 𝜕𝑢
form Newton’s law of viscosity: 𝜏 = −𝜇
𝜕𝑟
∆𝑝 2𝜇 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 ∆𝑝
𝑠𝑜, =− ⇒ =− 𝑟
𝐿 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2𝜇𝐿
∆𝑝
⇒𝑢=− 𝑟 2 + 𝑐1
4𝜇𝐿
∆𝑝
boundary condition: at r=R, u=0 (no-slip); 𝑐1 = 𝑅2
4𝜇𝐿
∆𝑝 2
𝑟 2 ∆𝑝
∴𝑢= 𝑅 1− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅2
4𝜇𝐿 𝑅 4𝜇𝐿 11
Shear stress distribution and friction loss in pipe flow
now, calculate the volumetric flow rate, Q dr
𝑄 = න 𝑢𝑑𝐴 r R

𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝑅 2
∆𝑝 𝑟
𝑄=න 𝑅2 1 − 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
0 4𝜇𝐿 𝑅
𝑅 3 2 4 𝑅
∆𝑝 𝑟 ∆𝑝 𝑟 𝑟
⇒ 𝑄 = 𝜋𝑅2 න 𝑟 − 2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝜋𝑅2 − 2
2𝜇𝐿 0 𝑅 2𝜇𝐿 2 4𝑅 0
𝜋𝑅4 ∆𝑝
⇒𝑄= 𝜋𝑅4 ∆𝑝
8𝜇𝐿 8𝜇𝐿 ∆𝑝𝑅 2
𝑄
average flow velocity through the pipe: 𝑉 = ⇒𝑉= 2
=
𝐴
2
𝜋𝑅 8𝜇𝐿
∆𝑝𝑅
𝑉 8𝜇𝐿 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑, = =
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∆𝑝
𝑅2 2
4𝜇𝐿 12
Shear stress distribution and friction loss in pipe flow
𝜋𝑅4 ∆𝑝 8𝜇𝐿𝑄 8𝜇𝐿𝑉
𝑄= ⇒ ∆𝑝 = = Hagen–Poiseuille equation
8𝜇𝐿 𝜋𝑅 4 𝑅 2
8𝜇𝐿𝑉
∆𝑝 𝑅 2 𝜇 𝐿 𝜇 𝐿 64 𝐿
= = 16 = 64 =
1 2 𝜌𝑢 2 𝜌𝑉𝑅 𝑅 𝜌𝑉𝐷 𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝐷
𝜌𝑉
2
64
𝑓= → 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 Laminar flow condition, fully developed
𝑅𝑒
∆𝑝 𝜌 𝑢2
=𝑓 → 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ Darcy–Weisbach equation
𝐿 2𝐷
If the head loss in pipe flow is only due to friction, then Bernoulli’s equation is modified as:
𝑝1 𝑢1 2 𝑝2 𝑢2 2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑓
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
∆𝑝 𝐿 𝑢2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, ℎ𝑓 = =𝑓 → ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜌𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 13
Friction loss in pipe flow: laminar and turbulent
64 We can use this equation for Laminar flow condition; but for turbulent flow,
𝑓=
𝑅𝑒 development of such functional form of ‘f’ is rather complex.
1
1
Prandtl (1935) relation: = 2.0 log 𝑅𝑒𝑓 2 − 0.8 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒 > 4000
𝑓 1/2
there are many such correlations in literature; another simple expression of ‘f’ was given by
Blasius (1911): 𝑓 = 0.316𝑅𝑒 −1/4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 4000 < 𝑅𝑒 < 105
Along with Re, surface roughness could also influence the flow. It has been observed that at
laminar flow condition, the effect is not significant. But for moderately high Re, roughness has
some effect.
Colebrook [1939] combined the smooth wall and fully rough relations into a clever interpolation
1 𝜖/𝑑 2.51
Formula: 1/2 = −2.0 log + 1
𝑓 3.7 1.11
𝑅𝑒𝑓2 𝜖
1 6.9
An alternative explicit formula given by Haaland: = −1.8 log + 𝑑
𝑓1/2 𝑅𝑒 3.7

Colebrook equation was plotted by Moody(1944) and generalized ‘f’ vs ‘Re’ for
different types of flow and surface roughness. 14
The Moody Chart

Laminar: f=ϕ(Re)
Transition/Turbulent: f= ϕ(Re,ε/d)
Complete Turbulent: f= ϕ(ε/d)

15
Munson; chap 8, p-413
Examples
Oil flow through a horizontal pipe.
3 2
−2 𝑚 −4 𝑚
Given: D = 15cm; L = 100m; Q = 2 × 10
; 𝜈𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 6 × 10 ; Find out the head loss
𝑠 𝑠
over L.
DV
First find out, 𝑅𝑒 = ; here D, ν are given; calculate V first.
𝜈
Q −2 𝑚3 𝜋𝐷2
𝑉 = here, Q = 2 × 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 𝑚2
𝐴 𝑠 4
2×10−2
So, 𝑉 = 𝜋 2
= 1.13 𝑚/𝑠
4
×0.15
DV 0.15×1.13
So, 𝑅𝑒 = = = 282.5 < 2000 ; 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟
𝜈 6×10−4
64 64
As the flow is laminar, 𝑓 = = = 0.2265
𝑅𝑒 282.4
∆𝑝 𝐿𝑉2 100 1.132
Head loss, ℎ𝑓 = = 𝑓 = 0.226 × × = 9.82 𝑚
𝜌𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 0.15 2×9.8

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Examples
1 𝑚 3
Given: Q = 3 × 10−7 ; 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟, 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑠
𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡; 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝛼 = 1 .

We can compute viscosity from the head loss in the pipe flow;
2
∆𝑝 32𝜇𝐿𝑉
ℎ𝑓 = = 2 ; ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, ℎ𝑓 , 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝜌𝑔 𝐷 𝜌𝑔
Q −7 𝑚3 𝜋𝐷 2 2 3×10−7
𝑉 = here, Q = 3 × 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 𝑚 ;∴ 𝑉 = 𝜋 −3 2
= 0.265 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 𝑠 4 ×(1.2×10 )
4
Using modified Bernoulli between 1 and 2; compute ℎ𝑓 i.e 0.57 (considering p1 and p2 same)
𝑝1 𝛼1 𝑉1 2 𝑝2 𝛼2 𝑉2 2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑓
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
∆𝑝 32𝜇𝐿𝑉 0.57 × (1.2 × 10−3 )2 × 103 × 9.81
𝑠𝑜, ℎ𝑓 = = 2 = 0.57 ⇒ 𝜇 = = 1.05 × 10−5 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠 ≈ 1 𝑐𝑃
𝜌𝑔 𝐷 𝜌𝑔 32 × 0.3 × 0.796
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