DOMAIN AND RANGE

 Domain - The set of all values of the independent variable (𝑥) is the domain.
 Range - The set of all values of the dependent variable ( y ) is the range.

Linear Equation Standard Form (Two Variables)

 Ax+ By=C
FORMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

 Slope Intercept Form – y=mx+b

 Point Slope Form – y− y z=m(x−x 1)
 Horizontal Line – y=b
 Vertical Line – x=a

Three Cases for Solution of Linear System in Two Variables

a 1 x +b1 y=c 1
a 2 x +b2 y=c 2
 One Solution, Consistent, Intersecting Line, the equation is not equivalent
a1 b1
≠
a2 b2

 No Solution, inconsistent, Parallel Line, the equation is not equivalent

a1 b1 c1
= ≠
a2 b2 c2

 Infinite Solution, the equation is equivalent

a1 b1 c 1
= =
a2 b2 c 2
Work Problem

1 1 T
+ =
TA TB TT

Mixture Problem

V 1 C1 +V 2 C 2=V 3 C 3

V 3=V 1+V 2

Speed Problem

S = D/T

Clock Problem

|30H – 5.5M|

Lever Problem

F 1 D1 + F 2 D2
Polynomials

 Monomials - Terms that contain variables with only whole numbers as exponents
 Degree - The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents of the literal factors.
 Polynomial - A polynomial is a monomial or a finite sum (or difference) of monomials.
 Degree of a Polynomial - The degree of a polynomial is the degree of the term with the highest degree in the
polynomial.

COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

( f ∘ g ) ( x ) =f (g ( x ) )

MULTIPLYING POLYNOMIALS

 Special Products

( a+ b )2=a2+ 2 ab+b 2
( a−b )2=a2−2 ab +b2
( a+ b ) ( a−b )=a2−b 2
( a+ b )3=a3 +3 a b2 +3 a 2 b+ b3
( a−b )3 =a3 −3 a b2 +3 a2 b−b3

FACTORING POLYNOMIALS

 Difference of Two Squares

2 2
a −b =(a+ b)(a−b)
 Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
a 3+ b3=( a+b ) ( a 2−ab+ b2 )
a 3−b3 =( a−b ) ( a2 + ab+b2 )
THE DISCRIMINANT

The Effect of the Discriminant on the Solutions of a Second-Degree Equation

1. If b 2−4 ac ≥ 0, the equation has real number solutions.

2. If b 2−4 ac< 0, the equation has no real number solutions.

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
y
 y=log a x is equivalent to x=a
Percentage-Base-Rate

 P = BR

Pecertage tapad ni “is”

Base tapad ni “of”

Rate naay percent sign

Simple Interest

 I = PRT

P = principal or capital

R = Rate (%)

T = Time in years

Compound Interest

r nt
 A = P( 1 + )
n
rate
Amount= Principal (1+ )n(years)
number of payment

SERIES AND SEQUENCES

 ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE ARITHMETIC SERIES

n
a n=a1 + ( n−1 ) d Sn =
2
[ 2 a1 + ( n−1 ) d ]

a n=nth term
a 1=1 st term
n=term position
d=common difference

 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE GEOMETRIC SERIES

( )
n
n−1 r −1
a n=a1∗r Sn=a1
r −1
 a n=nth term
a 1=1 st term
n=term position
d=common ratio

SETS

Equal Sets - Set 𝐴 is equal to set 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴=𝐵, if and only if 𝐴 and 𝐵 have exactly the same elements.
 Cardinality of Sets - The cardinality of a set is just a fancy word for the number of elements in that set.

The order of elements in the sets doesn’t matter. Similarly, an element may appear twice in one set, but only the
distinct elements need to match.
 Equivalent Sets - Set A is equivalent to set B, denoted by A B , if and only if A and B have the same number
of elements.
 Subsets - When all the elements of one set are completely contained in a second set, the first set is a subset of
the second.
 Empty Sets - The empty set – also called the null set – is a set that has no elements:

P={}
The symbol ∅ is used to represent the empty set. So P=∅ .
 Universal Set - It is the set of all elements that are being considered. The letter U is used to denote the universal
set.
 Union - Tanang element once lang isulat pag same number A ∪ B
 Intersection – Common A ∩ B

POLYGON

 3 sides – Triangle
 4 sides – Quadrilateral
 5 sides – Pentagon
 6 sides – Hexagon
 7 sides – Heptagon
 8 sides – Octagon
 9 sides – Nonagon
 10 sides – Decagon

Total Interior Angle of a Polygon

 (n-2)180

Number of Diagonals of Pentagon

n(n−3)

2

Area of Polygons
Volume

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

 DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

√ 2
d= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y 1)
2

 MIDPOINT BETWEEN TWO POINTS

Midpoint= ( x1 + x2 y1 + y2
2
,
2 )
 DISTANCE BETWEEN A POINT AND A LINE
| A x 1 +B y 1 +C|
d=
√ A 2+ B 2
 SLOPE OF A LINE
change ∈ y y 2− y1
m= = ,x ≠ x
change∈ x x 2−x 1 1 2
 Slopes of Parallel Lines – Same ang Slope sa two lines
 Slopes of Perpendicular Lines – Negative reciprocal ang slope sa lines
Conic Section

 General Formula
2 2
A x + Bxy +C y + Dx+ Ey + F=0

 Standard Formula
Circle - ( x−h )2+ ( y−k )2=r 2 ; Equal si A and B and same ang sign
Parabola – ( x−h )2=4 p ( y−k ) ; Isa lang ang naka square
2
( y−k ) =4 p ( x −h )
( x−h )2 ( y −k )2
Ellipse - + =1 ; Not equal si A and B pero same ang sign
a2 b2
( x−h )2 ( y −k )2
+ =1
b2 a2
( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
Hyperbole - − =1 ; Not equal tanan
a2 b2
( y−k )2 ( x −h )2
+ =1
a2 b2
Trigonometry
 Reciprocal Identities
History

 Father of Algebra – Al-Khwarizmi

 Father of Geometry – Euclid
 Father of Calculus – Newton and Leibniz
 Father of Trigonometry – Hipparchus
 Prince of Mathematics – Carl Friedrich Gauss
 First Math Book – Treviso Arithmetic
 Plato’s School – Academia
 Aristotle’s School – Lyceum
 Father of Computing – Charles Babbage
 Father of Analytical Geometry - René Descartes
 Invented a method of determining the optimal values of a linear function subject to certain constraints called
linear programming - George Dantzig
 His greatest contributions include such groundbreaking texts in invention of dividing rods used as
multiplication table – John Napier
 Name after Decibel - Alexander Graham Bell