Pyhsical quantities & measurement techniques

Rules-length
Measuring cylinders = volume

Clocks & digital times = measure time

>
-

oscillation of pendulum

d d
-

>
-
short time interval

> small
-
distance

> more accurate

by obtaining the
-

averase value
 (1) mIs()

Motion
speed - distance travelled
per
spee
unit time
Handle ↑ (2/3)

v
= D

total distance travelled ST

averase
speed -

total time taken

m/s km/h

Distance time graph

& -

Distance
constant speed stationary
at rest
Calculate speed in distance time graph
Obtain X and Y value first
Distance

distance =
speed
time
& &

time time

speed time calculate distance

graph
& Stationary
in
speed time graph
↑ at rest 4 area under the curve
constantspeed
speel
a
speed >
-
trapezium
=
(b) (h)
>
-

triage =
2 Xaxb

I Time I'dceseration time

S
>
-

rectangle

Calculate
= bxh
acceleration in
spece time graph
accerration
gradient =
32-y ,
X2 -
X ,

a
increasing speed :
accelerating
deceasing speed :
decelerating

was

13
(10 50) >
-

s
4 . 167m/s2 -
Acceleration -
Chance in speed per unit time

A= change

-
acceleration A velocity
=

acceleration
A =
change A time
acceleration
negative
decreation

Deceleration -
Negative acceleration

Acceleration of free fall

for an object near to the surface of the Earth is constant
(no air resistance)

gravity the Earth

om/sc = of

= constant speed

-
↓
I constant acceleration
 Mass and weight >
-

earthlyskg
> mars
-

Mass = measure of the quantity of matter in an object (mass in other

planet is unchanged)
weight =
gravitational force on an object that has mass (weight is different in each planet)
Mars Earth
↓ ↓

avautational highgts lowes

field strength : gravitational force per unit mass

gravitational field strength : Weight nigh weightowter weight

mass

Earth = 9 .

8N/kg = acceleration of free full

Wi
Mass remains constant
M Weight change depends on
gravitational field strength on other
planet
,

Density-mass per unit volume

&
density-mass glcms lower density= floats
volume
kg/m3 higher density : sinks

storlastic
Im
3
= 1000000 3

Measuring the
density of regularly shape objects
determine the densities of regular objects by using measurements of their dimensions

mass (digital balance

votume (ruler/micrometer)
colum > bxh x /

Measure the density of irregularly shaped objects

electronic balance
- mass
mass (digital balance) 31

24
votumewatermethodainitial volume = object's volume

volume

31 -
24 = 7
Forces
produce changes in the size
,
shape& motion of an object
SON towards left

50ON 400 N
S -
SON

To
-
-

balanced
100N towards the right

No resultant forc e/ balanced resultant force

remains at rest

OR

constant speed
stop / prevent
↑
Friction= force between two surfaces that impede relative motion and produce
may
heating
Friction= acts on solid liquid (air resistance
,
, gas
Tag >
- 400 N

-
car
IOON - SOON
each other
car and road impede
a

created friction
 100 , lightSerge
Stree
Principal of conservation of energy I 305 - useless energy (themal enogy)
:
energy cannot be created/destroyed ,
it can
only be transferred from one store to another

(can be
dissipated to surroundings
Kinetic-moving object have energy in their kinetic sture

(in motion)
& by using
-

El 12 (can find another

energy store)

J
= Xmx

EK = kinetic energy in joules (5)

m
:
mass of the object (kg)
v =
speed of the object (m/s)
Gravitational lifted through field height
: a
gravitational ,
due to its

Ep MX

↓
= GX Height
vertical
EP =
change in gravitational potential energy (5)

M = mass (kg) "horizontal

G = gravitational field strength (N/kg) (9 8 N) ·

It =
change in height (14) (vertical distance)

Elastic : objects have energy in elastic

prential store (swretched
,
squashed
,
bent)
Electrostatic :
Objects with charge (electrons/protons)
Chemical Chemical reactions transfer
:
energy into /away from substance's chemical store
(battery
Nuclear : nuclear reactions

Internal/Thermal not heat ↓

d
temperature ↑ /
:
, to

Energy pathway
-) mechanical : When force acts on an object (pulling , pushing , stretching)
electrical :
charge
moving through potential difference (current)
from hutter
heating object
=
to colder one (conduction

radiation - transferred
by electromagnetic waves (visible light) (lightbulb)
work done =
energy transferred

(I) (m)

efficiency onegy-5
= useful energy out
put power-w
X 100 %
total energy input

useful power output

=
x100 %
total power input

power-work done per unit time

unit
=
energy transferred per time

(w) (S)
 Energy resources

To obtain useful energy/electrical power

>
-
fossil fuel

>
-

biofuels

> water (waves

-

,
tides , hydroelectric dams)
>
-
geothermal resources

> nuckar
- fission
>
-
solar cells

>
-
infrared/electromagnetic waves from the Sun
to heat water

>
- wind turbines

& boiler

# turbine

& generator

*
Three ways that generate electricity without
using sun is nuclear power, tidal power and
geothermal
 Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectric dams

Gravitational potential >

-
Kinetic energy >
-

flowing water turns turbine > generate

-

electricity

Ctidal power) (turbines in the seal :

gravitational
Wave power (wave movement)

Biofuels/Geothermal/ Fossil fuels

burn the biofuel to heat water

creat steam to turns the turbine

3 turbine connected to generator

Pressure
high volume - low pressure

F
pressure-force
units = Pa
,
KPa PA
 grastational field strength = height
mass

= 9 8
.

9 8 .

NIkg

upK = mass X height X

gravity
9 8 X
.
1 48X I us
.

= 35 S .

35 . S