Data Analy cs Applica ons with Key Points

1. Security

o Predic ve analysis helps iden fy crime-prone areas.

o Police increase patrols based on historical and geographical data.

o Results in a significant drop in crime rates in ci es like Los Angeles and Chicago.

2. Transporta on

o Predicts passenger flow for large events like the London Olympics.

o Ensures smooth journeys for millions of passengers.

o Helps op mize train schedules and routes.

3. Fraud Detec on

o Iden fies pa erns of suspicious behavior using customer data.

o Reduces default risks through expenditure and profile analysis.

o Enhances financial stability for organiza ons.

4. Risk Management

o Evaluates risks for insurance claims using actuarial and claims data.

o Detects and flags poten ally fraudulent claims for review.

o Improves underwri ng accuracy and efficiency.

5. Logis cs and Delivery

o Op mizes shipping routes and delivery schedules.

o Improves cost-efficiency using GPS and real- me data.

o Enhances customer sa sfac on through faster deliveries.

6. Internet Alloca on

o Analyzes bandwidth usage in different areas.

o Allocates internet speed based on priority, e.g., commercial vs. residen al areas.

o Improves efficiency in smart city development.

7. Cost-Efficient Planning

o Directs tax money wisely for infrastructure development.

o Reduces unnecessary spending in city planning projects.

o Ensures long-term benefits for smart city projects.

8. Customer Interac on

o Uses surveys to analyze customer communica on preferences.

o Adapts to modern preferences like online channels for younger users.

9. City Planning

o Predicts the impact of building placement on traffic and conges on.

o Op mizes infrastructure for be er accessibility.

o Reduces inefficiencies in urban development.

10. Healthcare

o Tracks pa ent flow and equipment usage in hospitals.

o Reduces costs by improving opera onal efficiency.

o Enables be er alloca on of resources and treatment plans.

11. Travel

o Personalizes travel packages using social media data.

o Op mizes the booking and buying experience for travelers.

o Boosts customer engagement with tailored recommenda ons.

12. Energy Management

o Manages smart grids and energy distribu on efficiently.

o Monitors service outages and dispatch crews in real- me.

o Helps op mize energy usage and reduce waste.

13. Internet Search

o Analyzes massive datasets to deliver accurate search results.

o Uses algorithms to process queries in milliseconds.

o Handles over 20 petabytes of data daily, as seen with Google.

14. Digital Adver sing

o Targets ads based on user behavior and preferences.

o Increases engagement compared to tradi onal adver sing.

o Maximizes return on investment through precise audience targe ng.

Conclusion

Data analy cs transforms industries by improving efficiency, decision-making, and service quality. Proper use ensures
posi ve outcomes, while misuse can lead to inefficiencies.
1. Visualiza on techniques have evolved to include non-numeric data like text and social networks.
2. Tag clouds use font size or color to show the importance of user-generated tags.
3. For a single item, the size of a tag represents how frequently it is used by different users.
4. For mul ple items, the size shows how popular the tag is across all items.
5. Example: A website displays popular tags, with larger tags like "travel" or "food" showing higher usage.
6. Complex rela ons can be visualized, such as in disease influence graphs.
7. In such graphs, nodes represent diseases, and their size reflects how common they are.
8. Edges between nodes show strong correla ons, with thicker edges indica ng stronger connec ons.
9. Example: A graph shows diabetes strongly linked to obesity through a thick edge between the two nodes.
10. Newsmap uses tree maps to represent news, with bigger blocks indica ng more significant or frequent
headlines.
11. Visualiza on helps iden fy pa erns, like understanding which diseases o en occur together.
12. It supports data mining by showing results visually, such as displaying user behavior trends.
13. Visual tools simplify complex data, making it easier to interpret and draw insights.
14. Example: A company uses visualiza on to analyze customer preferences from social media interac ons.
15. Visualiza on is key to exploring and understanding large, interconnected datasets efficiently.

1. Hierarchical visualiza on techniques organize high-dimensional data by dividing it into smaller, manageable
subsets (subspaces).
2. Subspaces are visualized in layers or levels, allowing users to explore data step by step.
3. Worlds-within-Worlds (n-Vision): A method for visualizing mul ple dimensions interac vely.
4. For example, to observe how one dimension (F) changes with others (X1 to X5), users fix some dimensions (e.g.,
X3, X4, X5) to specific values (c3, c4, c5).
5. A 3D plot (inner world) visualizes the rela onship between F, X1, and X2 based on the fixed values.
6. The inner world is posi oned within another 3D plot (outer world) showing X3, X4, and X5.
7. Users can adjust the fixed values in the outer world and observe changes in the inner world.
8. Addi onal dimensions can introduce more levels of nested worlds for further explora on.
9. This approach allows interac ve explora on of high-dimensional data in a stepwise manner.
10. Tree-maps: Another hierarchical visualiza on technique that represents data using nested rectangles.
11. Each top-level rectangle corresponds to a major category, with unique colors for dis nc on.
12. Subcategories within each top-level category are represented by smaller rectangles nested inside.
13. Example: A tree-map of Google news stories organizes news into main categories (e.g., World, Technology,
Sports) with subcategories like trending or regional news.
14. The size of each rectangle o en represents the importance or frequency of the corresponding item.
15. Hierarchical techniques like n-Vision and tree-maps simplify the visualiza on of large, complex datasets by
breaking them into manageable parts.

Icon-Based Techniques Overview:

Icon-based visualiza on uses small icons to represent mul dimensional data.

Two popular methods are Chernoff faces and s ck figures.

Chernoff Faces:

Introduced in 1973 by Herman Chernoff, these use human face cartoons to represent data.

Up to 18 dimensions can be mapped to facial features such as eyes, nose, mouth, and head shape.

Example: Eye size may represent income, mouth curvature might indicate happiness, etc.
Humans can quickly spot small differences in facial features, aiding in recognizing trends or outliers.

Advantages of Chernoff Faces:

Simplifies large datasets by condensing data into recognizable visuals.

Useful for spo ng pa erns, regulari es, or irregulari es.

Limita ons of Chernoff Faces:

Does not show specific data values, only trends.

Mapping of dimensions to facial features affects percep on, as some features (e.g., eye size) are more impac ul than
others.

Asymmetrical faces, which double the number of facial characteris cs, can visualize up to 36 dimensions but might
become complex.

S ck Figure Visualiza on:

Represents mul dimensional data using five-piece s ck figures (a body with four limbs).

Two dimensions are mapped to the x and y axes of the plot.

Other dimensions are represented by the length and/or angle of the limbs.

Example: Census data might map age and income to axes, with gender, educa on, and occupa on affec ng limb
characteris cs.

Advantages of S ck Figures:

Provides a straigh orward way to represent many dimensions visually.

Useful for iden fying clusters or anomalies in mul dimensional datasets.

Limita ons of S ck Figures:

The representa on might become confusing with too many dimensions.

Interpreta on of limb angles and lengths requires prior knowledge or legend.

Conclusion:

Icon-based techniques like Chernoff faces and s ck figures effec vely simplify complex mul dimensional data into
understandable visuals.

While they excel in iden fying trends, their limita ons require careful design and interpreta on.