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Cmds 2

This Linux tutorial provides essential commands and concepts for navigating the system, managing files, and handling processes. It covers basic navigation commands, file manipulation, permissions, piping, redirection, and useful commands for system management. Additionally, it includes information on wildcards, process management, and accessing manual pages for further assistance.

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dagmawitlegesse6
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29 views4 pages

Cmds 2

This Linux tutorial provides essential commands and concepts for navigating the system, managing files, and handling processes. It covers basic navigation commands, file manipulation, permissions, piping, redirection, and useful commands for system management. Additionally, it includes information on wildcards, process management, and accessing manual pages for further assistance.

Uploaded by

dagmawitlegesse6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linux Tutorial

[something] indicates an optional value. <something> indicates a compulsory value.

In both instances, the surrounding symbols [ or < are not to be included when you substitute the
value in.

Basic Navigation

pwd
Where am I in the system.
ls [path]
Perform a listing of the given path or your current directory.
Common options: -l, -h, -a
cd [path]
Change into the given path or into your home directory.
Path
A description of where a file or directory is on the filesystem.
Absolute Path
One beginning from the root of the file system (eg. /etc/sysconfig ).
Relative Path
One relative to where you currently are in the system (eg. Documents/music ).
~ (tilde)
Used in paths as a reference to your home directory (eg. ~/Documents ).
. (dot)
Used in paths as a reference to your current directory (eg. ./bin ).
.. (dot dot)
Used in paths as a reference to your current directories parent directory (eg. ../bin ).
TAB completion
Start typing and press TAB. The system will auto complete the path. Press TAB twice
and it will show you your alternatives.

Piping and Redirection

>
Redirect STDOUT to a file.
>>
Append STDOUT to the end of a file.
2>
Redirect the STDERR to a file.
<
Pass the contents of a file to a program as STDIN.
|
Feed the STDOUT of the program on the left as STDIN to the program on the right.
More About Files

file [path]
Find out what type of item a file or directory is.
Spaces in names
Put whole path in quotes ( " ) or a backslash ( \ ) in front of spaces.
Hidden files and directories
A name beginning with a . (dot) is considered hidden.

Vi / Vim

View our Vim Cheat sheet

Permissions

r (read) w (write) x (execute)


Owner or User, Group and Others
ls -l [path]
View the permissions of a file or all items in a directory.
chmod <permissions> <path>
Change permissions. Permissions can be either shorthand (eg. 754) or longhand (eg.
g+x).

Filters

head
Show the first n lines.
tail
Show the last n lines.
sort
Sort lines in a given way.
wc
How many words, characters and lines.
grep
Search for a given pattern.
See more on our Grep Cheat sheet
More filters can be found here.

Useful Commands

du -sh ./*
Find the size of every directory in your current directory.
df -h
Display how much disk space is used and also free.
basename -s .jpg -a *.jpg | xargs -n1 -i cp {}.jpg {}_original.jpg
Make a copy of every jpg image file in the current directory and rename adding _original.
find /home -mtime -1
Find all files in the given directory (and subdirectories) which have been modified in the
last 24 hours.
shutdown -h now
Shutdown the system. (Replace -h with -r for reboot.)

Manual Pages

man <command>
View the man page for a command.
man -k <search term>
Search for man pages containing the search term.
Press q to exit man pages

File Manipulation

mkdir <directory name>


Create a directory
rmdir <directory name>
Remove a directory (only if empty).
touch <file name>
Create a blank file.
cp <source> <destination>
Copy the source file to the destination.
mv <source> <destination>
Move the source file to the destination.
May also be used to rename files or directories.
rm <path>
Remove a file or directory.
Common options: -r -f

Wildcards

May be used anywhere in any path.


*
Zero or more characters (eg. b*).
?
Single character (eg. file.???).
[]
Range (eg. b[aio]t).

Process Management

CTRL + C
Cancel the currently running process.
kill <process id>
Cancel the given process.
Include the option -9 to kill a stubborn process.
ps
Obtain a listing of processes and their id's.
Including the option aux will show all processes.
CTRL + Z
Pause the currently running process and put it in the background.
jobs
See a list of current processes in the background.
fg <job number>
Move the given process from the background to the foreground.

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