Course Information

Introduction to Computer Networks (INS1004)

No. Description Weight Remark

1 Class attendance 10%
2 Mid-term quiz 30% Writing +
Multiple-choice
questions
3 End-term exam 60% Writing +
Multiple-choice
questions

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 Textbook
Kurose J.,Ross K. - Computer Networking. A Top-
Down Approach - Pearson (2021)

3
 Simulation Tool
Cisco Packet Tracer (access via Google account)
▪ https://skillsforall.com/resources/lab-downloads
Youtube link for reference: Cisco Packet Tracer
2021 || ❗ Crash Course ❗
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty0HMs48U1k
&t=1883s

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How Networks Impact Daily Life

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 How Networks Impact Daily Life
Using information networks to share and collaborate
improves teaching and learning

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 Elements of a Network
Devices
▪ These are used to communicate with one another
Medium
▪ This is how the devices are connected together
Messages
▪ Information that travels over the medium
Rules (Protocols)
▪ Governs how messages flow across network

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 Requirements for Network Design
Fault tolerance
Scalability
Security
Quality of service

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 Network Characteristics
Hierarchical
Common standards
Common protocols

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Services and Protocols

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 The Internet Minute

Source: https://ediscoverytoday.com/2021/04/16/here-is-your-2021-internet-minute-infographic-
ediscovery-trends/ 11
Network Symbols

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Network Devices

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 Throughput
speedtest.net

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 Metric units
‘‘B’’ means ‘‘bytes’’
‘‘b’’ means ‘‘bits’’

Source: Andrew Tanenbaum et al., Computer Networks-Pearson (2021)

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 History
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC), the first computer, 30 tons

Source: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
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 History
1947: Shockley, Bardeen, and
Brittain made the first semiconductor
transistor at Bell Lab.
1956: Shockley established the
Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory
in Palo Alto

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitorous_eight
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 History
Traitorous eight: Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean
Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore,
Robert Noyce, and Sheldon Roberts
▪ Fairchild Semiconductor
▪ Intel
▪ Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitorous_eight
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 History
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first
artificial satellite, Sputnik.
The U.S. DoD initiated Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) to design a
communication network that could survive a
nuclear war.

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 History
1964: Paul Baran proposed using packet switching

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 History
In 1965, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
introduce the first mini-computer

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 History
1968: ARPAnet was the first packet-switching
network.
ARPANET used Network Control Protocol (NCP).
NCP was then updated to Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP)

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 History
1976: Steve Wozniak (aged 26) and Steve Jobs
(aged 21) built the first Apple computer.

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 History
1983: TCP/IP published
1983: DNS defined IP Address Domain name
mapping
1985: FTP was defined
1990s: Web

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 History
1981: The IBM PC was introduced

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 History
Floppy disk (1.44 MB)

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 Trends in Networking
Increasing number of mobile users
Internet of Things (IoT)
Expanding range of services

Source: https://depositphotos.com/187123660/stock-photo-careful-doctor-touching-a-futuristic.html
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 Elements of Network Communication
Message source
Channel
Message destination

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Data is sent across a network in chunks

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Network Media

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 Network Types
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Global Area Network (GAN) / Internet

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 LAN
A network serving a home, building or campus is
considered a Local Area Network (LAN)

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 WAN
LANs separated by geographic distance are
connected by a network known as a Wide Area
Network (WAN)

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GAN / Internet

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 Protocol
A protocol defines the format, and the order of
messages exchanged for communications

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Protocol

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 Protocol
Design goals
▪ Reliability
▪ Resource allocation
▪ Evolvability
▪ Security

Source: Andrew Tanenbaum et al., Computer Networks-Pearson (2021)

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 Layer Hierrachy
Benefits
▪ assists in protocol design
▪ fosters competition
▪ changes in one layer do not affect other layers
▪ provides a common language

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 Standardization
Standardization: agreed specifications that require
products or services to be designed or performed
according to.
Manufacturers use standards to confirm that
products, processes, and services are suitable.

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 Protocol suites and industry standards
A standard is a process or protocol that has been
endorsed by the networking industry and ratified by
a standards organization
A protocol model provides a model that closely
matches the structure of a particular protocol suite.
A reference model provides a common reference for
maintaining consistency within all types of network
protocols and services.

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 Standardization organizations
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Electronics Industry Alliance/Telecommunications
Industry Association (EIA/TIA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

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 IEEE 802 working group

Source: Andrew Tanenbaum et al., Computer Networks-Pearson (2021)

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 TCP/IP Protocol Model
The TCP/IP model is a protocol model because it
describes the functions that occur at each layer of
protocols within the TCP/IP suite

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 TCP/IP Protocol Model
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

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 TCP/IP Protocol Model
The process of sending and receiving messages

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 OSI Reference Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference
model is published in 1980s by the International
Standards Organization (ISO)
A reference model provides a common reference for
maintaining consistency within all types of network
protocols and services
The OSI model is used for study/research

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OSI Reference Model

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OSI Reference Model

Message

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OSI Reference Model

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 OSI Reference Model
Headers are used to manage communication

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Compare the OSI and TCP/IP Models

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 Why TCP/IP is the dominant?
“The apocalypse of the two elephants”

Source: Andrew Tanenbaum et al., Computer Networks-Pearson (2021)

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IP Addressing

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Port Addressing

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Physical topology

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Logical topology

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