0417/02 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2018

PUBLISHED
Header Name, Centre number, candidate number right aligned 1 mark

Name, Centre Number, Candidate Number

History of Tawara Mining

Report produced by: Candidate Name
Tawara is best known today for its tourism, fishing and farming but there was a time when it was knownTitle all around the world for its mining industry. Mining is
known to have started in the Bronze Age and continued until its demise with the closure of the last tin mine in 1998. In the 18th and 19th centuries Tawara was one
Data entry 100% accurate 1 mark
Subtitle of the richest mining economies in the world. Industries, inventions and communities were built on its wealth of underground treasures. The abundance of metals in
THM-Title style created and applied 1 mark
Name inserted,
the CelticTHM-Subtitle style as
soil has been suggested created and
a possible applied
reason 1 mark
why the Romans invaded.
(right, serif, 36pt, bold only, 0 space before/after)
(serif, 18pt, left aligned, underline only, 0 space before/after)
Tawara Mining in hot, damp and dusty conditions meant miners were prone to many
different diseases. Bronchitis, silicosis, TB and rheumatism were all
The first part of the 19th century was the peak for common complaints Columns
making life expectancy short and few miners were fit
mining in this area with most of the world’s copper to work beyond theSection break
age of 40. A verycorrect
commonposition 1 markwhite
injury was vibration
being mined here. The largest, deepest and oldest 2 columns, 2 cm column spacing 1 mark
finger which affected rock drillers whose work involved extended use of
mine in the world was located here until its closure vibrating hand-held machinery.
in 1921. It was once referred to as the richest square
mile onImage
earth and was known as the ‘Queen of In the early days there were no cages to haul miners up and down the shaft.
Mines’.Image
The lateinserted
1890s alsoinsaw the emergence
correct position of Mines were reached
1 mark by ladders which could stretch down for 100 feet. Not
South Crofty and it became well established as a surprisingly, falls were commonplace. Rock falls and flooding were hazards
future leader of the industry. TheAligned to topthat
main metals of ittext and left
produced weremargin,
tin, text wrapped
faced by miners1 mark
on a daily basis and accidents were a frequent occurrence.
copper, lead and zinc. Resized to 3.5 cm wide, aspect ratio maintained
In the 18th and mark
1 19th centuries, it was common place for children to be
employed in the mines.
The mining process consisted of a shaft sunk into the ground from which
tunnels or drives would be blasted from the rock to reach the seams that Demise of Mining
contained the ore at breaks
2 page various levels.
removedFrom(after
the drives,
subheadverticalDangers
tunnels or
raises were created to join the drives and the rock between them was blasted In 1893 there were 67 mines in the area producing tin but by 1897 only 31
and text « and even Peru.)
out from a stope which contained the sought after metals. To separate the
1 mark were still in production. Discoveries of massive mineral deposits in the
valuable ore from the rock the broken rock was taken from the mine to the New World caused many people to pack up and leave in search of work.
processing mill where various extraction methods were used to access the Thousands of miners migrated Subheadings
overseas where(7)their mining expertise was
metals. much valued in the new world THM-Subhead styleAfrica,
of Australia, South applied – America
North matches
and even Peru. style defined in Evidence Document 1 mark
Page break removed Dangers Page break removed
Several minor revivals took place over the following century, but the
Any job working below the ground is potentially hazardous and mining was mining industry never fully recovered and became completely unprofitable
no exception. Conditions were hot, oppressive and very dangerous but as it could not compete with mining expansion around the world. Metal
miners were prepared toFooter
risk life and limb because
– Page numbersthe work
left was relatively
aligned, automated prices
file fell dramatically
name & path rightduring the 1980s 1
aligned and this finally resulted in the
mark
well paid compared to other means of employment. Working underground

1 C:\Folder\TawaraMiningHistory.docx
C:\Folder\MINING.docx

© UCLES 2018 Page 3 of 13

 0417/02 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2018
PUBLISHED

Name, Centre Number, Candidate Number

collapse of mining at Tawara on an industrial scale. The last working tin The Future
mine in Europe closed in 1998.
Over recent times the price of tin in particular has been soaring again due to
World Mining limited reserves found around the world. Current metal prices are as
follows:
Today the world’s top 5 mining countries are:
BASE METAL PRICE USD
Russia – iron, nickel, coal and cobalt
South Africa – gold, copper and iron Metal name Price/kg Price/tonne Price low Price high
USA – copper, coal Aluminium 1.74 1635.01 1.55 1.74
Australia – iron, nickel and bauxite Copper 5.11 4885.02 4.55 5.63
China – gold, iron, bauxite, copper Lead 1.88 1817.51 1.63 1.97
Bullets Tin Mining
Nickel 11.27 10794.13 8.05 11.48
Square bullets applied to correct list 1 mark Tin 18.77 17965.03 14.01 19.01
Tin is 1.5
Bullets indented one of
cmthefrom
oldestleft
metals known no
margin, to man. It is between
space thought thatitems
tin has been
1 mark Zinc 2.35 2280.91 1.52 2.36
traded throughout Europe for around 4,000 years and was of huge strategic
importance to rulers and traders. It was alloyed with copper to make bronze Large deposits of metal are still found in Tawara granite and over the
for utensils, weapons and decorations in a material that was far superior to coming years the price is expected to double. Demand has also increased
stone. due to tin being required for solder in the electronic and computer markets.
Table content complete, correct place, no changes to dataImprovements in mining 1 marktechnology mean that the cost of extraction has
Tin revolutionised
Yearthe2000foodprice
industry as kg
per tin-plated
column iron,deleted
and then steel, cans 1 mark
fallen dramatically. Safety and environment regulations have all improved.
enabled food to be preserved and transported. Tin foil was once a common This makes the prospect of tin mining an attractive proposition and the
Nickel
wrapping material for row
foodsinserted, data
and drugs but since100% accurate
the early 20th century most 1 mark
future for the mining industry has never been brighter.
Sort Metal
everyday materials such as Name
beverageascending
cans and tin order, integrity
foil are actually maintained
made of 1 mark
Top row
steel or aluminium. Frommerged,
toothpasteheading
to windowcentred over tin
glass to wiring, 5 columns
remains 1 mark Heritage Mining
Tawara
an importantTop rowinonly
material text bold,
our world. Majoritalic, 14 ptare
tin deposits sans-serif
confined tofont
a 1 mark
comparatively small number of areas with tin production dominated by We are introducing a limited edition range of commemorative bullion
Top row - black background, white text 1 mark
China and Indonesia, which account for over 70% of global mine output. ingots to celebrate the rich history of the mining industry. We are offering
Table within column width, text on one line,
The largest operating mine currently in Europe is the Neves-Corvo complex all borders/gridlines printed 1 mark
valued members the opportunity of purchasing commemorative ingots of
THM-Table style created and
in Portugal where both tin and copper are extracted. applied rows 2 to 8 1 mark
Tin (silvery/grey in appearance), Copper (reddish/orange in appearance),
(serif, 11pt, centre, no space before/after each row) Lead (silvery/blue in appearance) and Zinc (bluish/white in appearance).
Each ingot weighs one kilogram and is branded with the Tawara hallmark.
All have been sourced from Tawara ore production and are 99.9% pure.

Page layout These commemorative ingots are sure to become collector items and will be
THM-Body style created and applied to all text - serif, 11pt, justified, singlereleased
line, 0pt before
for sale at our12pt
annualspace after
open day. only to the event1will
Invitations mark be sent
in the near future so be sure to book your place.
Document complete/paragraphs intact, landscape, columns balanced at top, no widows/orphans, split tables, lists, blank pages
2 1 mark
C:\Folder\TawaraMiningHistory.docx

© UCLES 2018 Page 4 of 13