EARTH

& LIFE
TVL-HE & HUMSS
 ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE
TABLE ROCKS AND MINERALS
OF GEOLOGIC PROCESSES
CONTENTS
RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE
DATING
NATURAL HAZARD,
MITIGATION, AND
ADAPTATION
 THE UNIVERSE AND THE

ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

UNIVERSE
Covering the Origins of the Universe
Big Bang Theory
TIME, ENERGY, HISTORY OF THE
AND MATTER UNIVERSE
ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE

Astronomy
Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial
objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star
clusters, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate
outside the Earth’s atmosphere (such as cosmic
background radiation).

It is concerned with the evolution, physics,

chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial
objects, as well as the formation and development of
the universe.
ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE

Cosmology
Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that involves
the origin and evolution of the universe.

The universe is everything. It includes all of space and

all the matter and energy that space contains.
THE UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM

The Big Bang

The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation
about how the universe began. At its simplest, it
says the universe as we know it started with a small
singularity, then inflated over the next 13.8 billion
years to the cosmos that we know today.
TIME, ENERGY, AND MATTER

ENERGY - Initial Energy MATTER- Formation of

TIME - Beginning of Time:
State: Matter:

At the moment of the Big

Bang, the universe was in At the moment of the Big
an extremely hot and dense Bang, the universe was in an
In the first few moments
state, containing an extremely hot and dense
after the Big Bang, the
immense amount of energy. state, containing an immense
universe was too hot for
This energy was amount of energy. This
stable atoms to form.
concentrated in a energy was concentrated in a
singularity, a point of singularity, a point of infinite
infinite density and density and temperature.
temperature.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Cosmic Timeline
Cosmic Timeline: The Big Bang Theory outlines a
timeline of the universe's history, from the
initial singularity to the present day. Key events
include the inflationary epoch, the formation of
fundamental particles, the synthesis of light
elements (nucleosynthesis), the decoupling of
matter and radiation (leading to the Cosmic
Microwave Background radiation), and the
formation of stars and galaxies.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Evidences of the Big Bang

Theory
1. Hubble’s Law and the Expansion of Space
2. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
3. Abundance of Primordial Elements
4. Primordial Gas Cloud
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Hubble’s Law and the Expansion

of Space
In 1929, the astronomer Edwin Hubble measured the
velocities of a large selection of galaxies. He expected
that about equal numbers would be moving toward
and away from us. After all, the Earth isn't a
particularly special place in the universe. Instead, he
discovered that almost all galaxies are moving away
from us!
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Hubble’s Law and the Expansion

of Space
Cosmological Redshift
When space expands, light stretches
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Cosmic Microwave Background

Radiation
The Big Bang theory predicts that the early universe
was a very hot place and that as it expands, the gas
within it cools. Thus, the universe should be filled with
radiation that is literally the remnant heat left over
from the Big Bang, called the “cosmic microwave
background”
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Cosmic Microwave Background

Radiation
Arno Penzias (1933) and Robert Wilson (1936)

The Big Bang theory predicts that the early universe

was a very hot place and that as it expands, the gas
within it cools. Thus, the universe should be filled with
radiation that is literally the remnant heat left over
from the Big Bang, called the “cosmic microwave
background”
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Cosmic Microwave Background

Radiation
Arno Penzias (1933) and Robert Wilson (1936)

A small fraction of the static you hear on the

radio and see on the TV is an echo from the
Big Bang
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Abundance of Primordial
Elements
Big Bang nucleosynthesis

is the production of nuclei other than those of the

lightest isotope of hydron during the early phases of
the Universe.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Primordial Gas Clouds

The primordial gas clouds were found to contain only
the lightest elements- hydrogen and helium- that were
created in the Big Bang. A few hundred million years
later, clumps of these gas clouds condensed to form
the first stars, which created and dispersed heavier
elements throughout the universe.
FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Solar Nebular Theory

describes the formation of our solar system from a
nebula cloud made from a collection of dust and
gas.
FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Terrestrial Planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars

The planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars,

are called terrestrial because they have a
compact, rocky surface like Earth's terra firma.
FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Terrestrial Planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars

The Goldilocks Zone

The distance Earth orbits the Sun is just right for

water to remain a liquid
This distance from the Sun is called the habitable
zone, or the Goldilocks zone.
FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Jovian Planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

They orbit far from the sun.

These planets have no solid surfaces and are
essentially large balls of gas composed primarily
of hydrogen and helium.
GEOLOGY

Earth and Earth Systems

The Earth system is essentially a closed system.
A closed system is a system in which there is
only an exchange of heat or energy and no
exchange of matter.
The earth receives energy from the sun and
returns some of this energy to space
GEOLOGY

Hydrosphere
includes all water on Earth (including surface
water and groundwater).
Water: 71%, Fresh Water: 3%, Salt Water:
97%
GEOLOGY

Atmosphere
Air

gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth

and constitutes the transition between the
vacuum of space.
Nitrogen: 78%, Oxygen: 21%, Trace Gasses:
1%.
GEOLOGY

5 layers of the Atmosphere

1. Trothosphere
the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere
2. Stratosphere
ozone layer
3. Mesosphere
the third and coldest layer of Earth's atmosphere
4. Thermosphere
very hot, with temperatures up to 2,000 degrees Celsius (3,632 degrees
Fahrenheit).
5. Exosphere
an atmosphere so thin that its few atoms or molecules are unlikely to collide with
one another
GEOLOGY

Geosphere
comprises the solid earth and includes
both Earth’s surface and various layers
of the Earth’s interior.

Earth
Largest Subsystem
Extends from surface to center.
GEOLOGY

Layers of the Earth

Crust
The crust is the outermost solid part of the earth.

Asthenosphere
The crust is the outermost solid part of the earth.

Mantle
The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called the mantle.

Core
The “nife layer”. It is made up of very heavy material mostly
constituted by nickel and iron.
GEOLOGY

Biosphere
The life zone of the Earth includes all living organisms
and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed.
Where life exists.
 PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
Igneous

ROCKS AND Sedimentary

Metamorphic
MINERALS
Earth's Mineral and Natural
resources
IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS
MINERALS
ROCKS AND MINERALS

MINERAL CRITERIAS
Must have these characteristics in order to be classified as Minerals:
1. Naturally occurring
NOT man-made or machine made.
2. Solid
NOT liquid or gas at standard temperature and pressure.
3. lnorganic
NOT made by living things (organic)
4. Crystalline solid/Ordered crystal structure
Atoms have specific arrangement or crystal structure
5. Have a definite chemical composition
All occurrences of that mineral have a chemical composition identical
within a limited range
ROCKS AND MINERALS

FORMATION OF MINERALS
CRYSTALLISE FROM MAGMA or LAVA
solidification of liquid magma/lava to
a definite internal arrangement of
atoms into a regular repeating pattern

PRECIPITATE FROM SOLUTION

dissolved minerals come out of
solution (water) to form solids
ROCKS AND MINERALS

PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
Chemical &
Physical
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Can be observed and easily determined
Colour
Crystal Form/Habit
Hardness
Streak
Lustre
Cleavage or Fracture
Specific Gravity
Other properties (taste, odour, smell)
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

LUSTRE/LUSTER
Ability to reflect light from its surface
Metallic luster — shiny faces that reflect light
Nonmetallic luster — does not shine like a metal; can be dull, pearly,
waxy, silky, or earthy
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > PHYSICAL PROPERTIES > LUSTRE

DIAPHANEITY OR TRANSPARENCY
Ability of a mineral to transmit light
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

COLOUR
Not a reliable
property due to
the impurities that
could alter a
mineral’s colour
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

STREAK
The colour of the
material in powder
form.
Can be obtained by
rubbing it on a surface
of a porcelain and
observing the colour of
its mark.
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > PHYSICAL PROPERTIES > LUSTRE

SHAPE OR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Common characteristic
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TENACITY
Toughness or resistance to breaking or deforming.
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

HARDNESS
Resistance to abrasion
or scratching
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

CLEAVAGE
Describes how minerals
break/split apart along
various planes.
If a mineral breaks or
splits apart with smooth
surfaces in certain
direction.
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

FRACTURE
Describes how a mineral break when broken contrary to its natural
cleavage planes.
If a mineral breaks with a rough or jagged surface
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

FRACTURE
Conchoidal - curved break like what happens with thick glass or bottle.
Hackly/Jagged - metals, sharp point that scratches or snags fingertips.
Splintery - fibrous
Uneven — rough surface, not smooth
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Ratio of its mass to the mass of an equal volume of water.
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Silicates and
Non-Silicates
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

SILICATES
Rock-forming minerals that contains elements Oxygen and Silicon
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

NON -
SILICATES
Less abundant in Earth’s crust.
Some common non-silicates are oxides,
carbonates, sulphates and halides.
The main components of sediments and
other sedimentary rocks
ROCKS AND MINERALS > PROPERTIES OF MINERALS > CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ROCKS
ROCKS AND MINERALS > ROCKS

ROCK CYCLE
Processes of the three
main rock types
(igneous,
metamorphic, and
sedimentary)
transform from one
type into another.
ROCKS AND MINERALS > ROCKS

TYPES OF ROCKS
Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary
ROCKS AND MINERALS > ROCKS > TYPES OF ROCKS

IGNEOUS ROCKS
Mostly Silicate
materials
Crystallized
magma/lava
Extrusive
(Volcanic)
Intrusive
(Plutonic)
ROCKS AND MINERALS > ROCKS > TYPES OF ROCKS

SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
Formed by
compacted and
cemented
sediments
ROCKS AND MINERALS > ROCKS > TYPES OF ROCKS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Originated from pre-existing
igneous and sedimentary or
even metamorphic rocks
“Metamorphism”
Process that changes pre-
existing rocks into new
forms due to increases in
temperature, pressure, and
chemically active fluids
ROCKS AND MINERALS > ROCKS > TYPES OF ROCKS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES
Covering the Process that
transforms the Geography and
shape of the Earth
GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES
GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES Categorised into 2 types:

1. Endogenic Processes
2. Exogenic Processes
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
Originates from the Inside of the Crust, and manifests on
the outside. Examples are Magmatism, Plate Tectonics,
Faults and Folds.

Happens in the Asthenosphere

Molten viscous rock flows along the Convection
Current
MAGMA-
TISM
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

MAGMATISM
Magma are Molten or Semi-Molten Rocks Located at in
the Mantle (Asthenosphere).
The Movement and Formation of Magma inside the Earth
The Process of Magma (Cycle via Convection current)
Heat Transfer Flux Melting
Decompression Melting
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES > MAGMATISM

HEAT TRANSFER
The Crust sliding downwards causing to melt via
friction (Convergent Boundary)

DECOMPRESSION MELTING
Upward movement of the Crust causing melting
(Divergent Boundary Mantle Plumes, and Hot Spots)

FLUX MELTING
Water or Volatile Compounds mixes with rocks
causing the rock to melt slower
 MAGMATISM DIAGRAM
BC Open Textbooks
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES > MAGMATISM

HEAT TRANSFER
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES > MAGMATISM

DECOMPRESSION MELTING
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES > MAGMATISM

FLUX MELTING
PLATE
TECTONICS
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

PLATE TECTONICS
Plate Tectonic Theory
Movement of plates through time in the earth’s lithosphere.
takes place in plate edges where it moves as a single entity.
Types of Plates/Crust:
Oceanic Crust, and Continental Crust.
3 Types of Plate Boundaries:
Divergent, Transform, and Convergent.
CRUSTS
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES > PLATE TECTONICS > CRUSTS

OCEANIC CRUSTS
Plates that are found in the
Ocean.
Generates as Basalts at mid-
ocean ridges.
Thickens as they move away
from the ridge.
As they move, they often
converge with a continental
crust. PhysicalGeography.net
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES > PLATE TECTONICS > CRUSTS

CONTINENTAL CRUST
Plates that are
visible in the
surface.
Can vary in
thickness and
composition
Layers of the Earth - Weebly
PLATE
BOUNDARIES
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES > PLATE BOUNDARIES

DIVERGENT
Plates that Moves apart
It forms:
Valleys (Surface)
Trenches (Ocean)

ThoughtCo
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES > PLATE BOUNDARIES

CONVERGENT
Plates that collide
The Dense sinks/subducts
It forms:
Mountain Ranges
Volcanoes

Geology In
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES > PLATE BOUNDARIES

TRANSFORM
Plates that move sideways
It forms:
Fault Lines

Britannica
FAULTS AND
FOLDS
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

FAULTS AND FOLDS

Results of Plate Tectonics.
Folding are bending of layers of the crust.
Syncline - Downwards
Anticline - Upwards
Faults are Cracks in the surface.
Dip Slip - can be inclined, vertical
Strike Slip - Sideways
GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES Categorised into 2 types:

1. Endogenic Processes
2. Exogenic Processes
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES

EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Often referred as External Processes
Affects the surface of the Earth, naturally. (Gravity, Wind,
Water, etc.).
Related to the Biospheres.
3 Types:
Erosion Deposition
Weathering
EROSION
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > EXOGENIC PROCESSES

EROSION
Process of eroding materials into smaller sediments that
can be moved.
Caused by Wind, Flowing Water (waves), and Ice (glaciers).
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > EXOGENIC PROCESSES

EROSION

National Geographic Society

Eschooltoday Britannica
WEATHERING
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > EXOGENIC PROCESSES

WEATHERING
Process of wearing down or breaking of rocks while they
are in place
Categorised into 2 types
Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > EXOGENIC PROCESSES > WEATHERING

MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Common type of weathering
Turns rocks into smaller pieces
Changes physical appearance
Temperature change and Exfoliation
Sand Blasting and Abrasion
Freeze Thaw Cycle (ex. Ice Wedging)
Plant Growth and Animal Burrowing
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > EXOGENIC PROCESSES > WEATHERING

CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Chemicals making changes to the minerals in a rock.
DEPOSITION
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > EXOGENIC PROCESSES

DEPOSITION
Materials like rocks are moved to another location
Sedimentation
DATING THE
EARTH
Covering the Relative and
Absolute Dating of Earth and its
Rocks
DATING THE
EARTH
DATING THE EARTH

RELATIVE DATING
The Youngest to Oldest
Stratigraphic
Studies the Sedimentary Rock Layers
Sequence of Events based on arrangement
Lacks a specific time/year date.
DATING THE EARTH

RELATIVE DATING
Principles of
Relative dating
Introduced by
Nicolaus Steno
Danish Scientist
and Geologist
Britannica
DATING THE EARTH > RELATIVE DATING

PRINCIPLES OF RELATIVE DATING

1. Principle of Superposition
2. Principle of Original Horizontally
3. Principle of Lateral Continuity
4. Principle of Cross Cutting Relationships
5. Principle of Inclusion
DATING THE EARTH > RELATIVE DATING > PRINCIPLES

1. PRINCIPLES OF SUPERPOSITION
States that undisturbed
sequence of rocks can be
determined as the
Youngest and the Oldest.
Youngest (Above)
Oldest (Below)
DATING THE EARTH > RELATIVE DATING > PRINCIPLES

2. PRINCIPLES OF ORIGINAL
HORIZONTALLY
Rocks can be
deposited
Horizontally,
Deformed by
nature
DATING THE EARTH > RELATIVE DATING > PRINCIPLES

3. PRINCIPLES OF LATERAL CONTINUITY

Deposited rocks
with deformation
or cuts.

Openclipart
DATING THE EARTH > RELATIVE DATING > PRINCIPLES

4. PRINCIPLES OF CROSS-CUTTING
RELATIONSHIP
A fault, Dike, or
magma intrusions.
The intrusions are
always younger than
its surrounding
rocks Field Museum
DATING THE EARTH > RELATIVE DATING > PRINCIPLES

5. PRINCIPLES OF INCLUSION
Rock fragments in a
Rock.
The rock inside will
be older.

Field Museum
DATING THE EARTH > RELATIVE DATING

JAMES HUTTON
Principle of Unconformities

Britannica
DATING THE EARTH > RELATIVE DATING > PRINCIPLES

PRINCIPLES OF UNCONFORMITIES
Interruption of Sedimentary rock formations leading to deformities
Caused by erosion, pause in sediment accumulation, deposition of
new sediments, tectonic activities, subsidence, folding, regional
uplift, and climate change
3 types:
DATING THE
EARTH
DATING THE EARTH

ABSOLUTE DATING
Also called Numerical Dating
use of radioactive/radiometric dating methods
determine the actual age/date range
Methods
Radiocarbon Dating
DATING THE EARTH > ABSOLUTE DATING > METHODS

RADIOCARBON DATING
Use of C 14 to determine the age (Decay of Isotopes)
Carbon - found in organisms, has 6 protons
Carbon 12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons
Carbon 14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons (C 14)
An Isotope - has the same protons but different number
of neutrons.
The Unstable Carbon
DATING THE EARTH > ABSOLUTE DATING > METHODS > RADIOCARBON DATING

HALF LIFE
The number of years which an isotope decays
Parent Isotope decaying into the daughter Isotope
5730 years
half life of the existence of C 14 to Nitrogen.
NATURAL
HAZARDS,
MITIGATION, AND
ADAPTATION
A. Geologic Processes and Hazards
B. Hydrometeorological
Phenomena and Hazards
(pp. 70-86)
TRACKING THE IMPACT
OF DISASTER
Recording disaster losses now helps us
make the right decisions to reduce future
risk.
FACING DISASTER
Terms to Remember:

Disaster Vulnerability
Exposure Capacity
Hazard Risk
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
The Ring of Fire, also referred to as the Circum-
Pacific Belt, is a path along the Pacific Ocean
characterized by active volcanoes and frequent
earthquakes. The majority of Earth’s volcanoes
and earthquakes take place along the Ring of Fire.
HAZARD VS. RISK
The terms "hazard" and "risk" are often used interchangeably. However, in terms of risk assessment, they
are two very distinct terms.

HAZARD: RISK:
an agent which has the potential the probability that exposure
to cause harm to a vulnerable to a hazard will lead to a
target. negative consequence, or more
simply, a hazard poses no risk
any agent that can cause harm if there is no exposure to that
or damage to humans, property, hazard.
or the environment.
DISASTER
A serious disruption occurring over a relatively short
time of the functioning of a community or a society
involving widespread human, material, economic or
environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the
ability of the affected community or society to cope
using its own resources.
TYPES OF DISASTER
1. Natural Disaster
2. Man-made Disaster
EXPOSURE
The situation of people, infrastructure, housing,
production capacities and other tangible human
assets located in hazard-prone areas.
VULNERABILITY
The conditions determined by physical, social,
economic and environmental factors or
processes which increase the susceptibility of an
individual, a community, assets or systems to
the impacts of hazards.
CAPACITY
The combination of all the strengths, attributes
and resources available within an organization,
community or society to manage and reduce
disaster risks and strengthen resilience.
PHYSICAL SOCIAL
Buildings/Infrastructure Social Interaction
Means of Communication Community Organization

ECONOMIC ATTITUDINAL
Entrepreneurship Ready to accept change
Savings/Earnings/Employable Collectivism Approach
Skills
FACTORS AFFECTING
RISKS
These factors are considered in risk reduction.
1. Hazard
2. Exposure
3. Vulnerability
4. Capacity
HAZARD
A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause
loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage,
social and economic disruption or environmental
degradation.

May be natural, anthropogenic or socionatural in origin.

NATURAL
predominantly associated with natural processes and
phenomena

ANTHROPOGENIC
human-induced hazards
induced entirely or predominantly by human activities and
choices.

SOCIONATURAL
they are associated with a combination of natural and
anthropogenic factors
TYPES OF HAZARDS
1. Natural Hazards
2. Man-made Hazards
NATURAL
HAZARDS
GEOLOGICAL
EARTHQUAKES
the rumblings, shaking of the ground, or rolling of the earth’s surface
abrupt motion of the earth’s crust as a result of the energy being
suddenly released in the form of seismic waves
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES
Tectonic - due to the movement of faults and plate boundaries
Volcanic - due to explosive volcanic activity
Explosive - due to explosion of chemicals or nuclear devices
Collapse - due to sudden collapse of cave/mines
GEOLOGICAL
GROUND SHAKING
the vibration of the ground during an earthquake
most earthquake damage results from the shaking caused by seismic
waves passing beneath buildings, roads, and other structures
LIQUEFACTION
the way in which soil liquefies during ground shaking. It takes place in
water-saturated soil and sediments that an earthquake greatly
disturbs
GEOLOGICAL
LANDSLIDES
may result in falling rocks and debris that collide with people,
buildings and vehicles
TSUNAMI
are long wavelength oceanic waves generated by the sudden
displacement of seawater by a shallow earthquake
VOLCANIC
Volcanic Hazard Main Damage Agent Principal Damage Consequences

Pyroclastic Density Current Dynamic pressure Wall damage; Fire; burial collapse; displacement; Flooding; Foundation damage; corrosion; undermining

Tephra Fall Bomb or block impact; excessive tephra loads Roof damage; blocked drains; Wall damage; burial; corrosion; Fire

Lahar Water; dynamic pressure Flooding; foundation and wall damage; collapse; displacement; corrosion; burial; scouring; Fire

Seismic Activity Groundshaking Damage to contents; minor cracking; Wide wall cracking; Foundation failure; fire; collapse; burial; flooding

Ground swell (dome); subsidence; cracks dome or

Ground Deformation Foundation and (or) wall damage; Building separation
crater collapse

Atmospheric Effects Winds; rainfall; lightning Roof damage due to wind, Fire due to lightning, Displacement; flooding

Acid Rain & Gases Chemical attack Corrosion; discoloration, Fire

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
PAGASA
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration
TYPHOONS
a tropical cyclone system with a radius of about 2 to 300km and
characterized by a low-pressure center accompanied by strong
swirling winds and torrential rains
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
FLOODS
occurs when water overspills onto land that is not normally
submerged in water
brought about by typhoon, thunderstorm or monsoons
THUNDERSTORM
local weather disturbance distinctly characterized by lightning and
thunder, and often occurs with strong winds, heavy rain, and other
kinds of precipitation
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
STORM SURGE (Daluyong)
abnormal rise in water that is higher than the normal tide and mainly
attributed to typhoons. Strong winds in typhoons push the water into
shore
LA NIÑA / EL NINO
contrasting phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle which is
attributed to the temperature fluctuations in the surface of the
equatorial Pacific ocean
El Niño - warm episode
La Niña - cold episode
ADAPTATION AND
MITIGATION
ADAPTATION
actions to manage the impacts of climate change (flood protection,
infrastructure and building design, and disaster management)
MITIGATION
actions to reduce emissions that cause climate change (sustainable
transportation, energy efficiency, and renewable energy
PROJECT NOAH
Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards
the Philippines' primary disaster risk reduction and
management program that aims to improve the
Philippine government and Filipino people’s capacity
to respond against the impact and effect of extreme
weather conditions
managed by the University of the Philippines
THANK YOU!
LAUS DEO SEMPER!