dssisnment on Classical Mechanics — II and Fluid Dynamics Classical Mechanics - II 1. Answer the Following questions: —@ Discuss the Limitations of ‘Newtonian Mechanics’. @) What do you mean by Constraints? Discuss various types of constraints with suitable examples. ©) Physically interpret ‘Generalised coordinates’. Also discuss its properties. ~ _{4) What do you physically mean by *Virtual Displacement’ and ‘Virtual Work’? (c) Establish the ‘Principle of Virtual Work’. (f) How the problems of establishment ‘Post-Newtonian Mechani are resolved Dy (g) Deduce “D’ Alembert’s Principle’ from ‘Newton's Laws of ne “ (h) Establish ‘Lagrange’s equation of motion from D” Alember's Principle both for, conservative systems. equation of motion. Derive Poisson's bracket formalism from Hamilton-J brackets with proofs. Also establish fundamentakPoisson Bagkets wi (m) State and establish Poisson’s Theorems. (0) State and establish the “Variatignal PrinipleP long ™ scape ciMbseristies of 8-variation (0) Establish Hamilton's principle-from the *Vafiational Printiple’ * (p) Establish the concept of clone rte Pag transformation equations? What are the conditions fang transformation to Boganonical 2. Answer the following Probiems:24% ae (a) Using Lagrange’s eq iton-12i equation’ motions discuss the following casesand solve the res} equationtigf motidayvhere ever you can solve. Simple pendulum.” Double‘péndulum witiptrans! ojectile Motion. sional ic oscillator. ing dowig Without slipping an inclined frictionless plane.~ a ((X)_— Spirical Pendufum. Om Pafticle in an electro-magnetic field. ‘ion of motion for the following cases: (LAS mee — FL joa (eer? + heer) * dep () L=aq? - Bq’. (My L= pmett(a? —w*x?) H = (Qe? + moc). (c) IL = —mgc? {T= Je), show that \ / i i is gi > kv?. Obtain the Lagrange’s (4) The Rayleigh dissipation function for a freely falling body is given by > kv “inte equation of motion and show that the maximum velocity attained by the particle is (97/,,) where the terms have their physical meanings. - (€) Show that the kinetic energy of a system is given by,\ aly z gy + 2 4/4 \ \ Also show the show that, if the transformation equations ene explicitly, T reduces to a homogendiy quadratic equation, ie, Us 2 44 /4x (6) If the transformation equations do not contain time ‘explicily for a conservative system, then show that the Hamiltonian equals the total energy. \(@) Show that, if the Lagrangian doesn’t contain time explicitly for a conservative system, then the Hamiltonian is a constant of motion, - (h) Show that, ifa particular coordinate is cyclic in Lagrangian theg it is also s0 @) Considering time asadynamical variable, calculate (¢, H]. / su) Hf force F = —Ax?, show that mv? + 2x? = constant. @® A particle moves ima force field given by B = kr cos 0 #. Obtain the equation 6 momentum a constant of motion? Also find the potential of the (1) Prove the following Poisson brackets: © [xy] = eyexn [pv ty) cm) [Ly Ly] ay) [@#, (VY) [G28] = 244 (vd [lL Wl] = #3 > Here L's are the-angular momenta. ymiltonian. “9 HfL = Sig la, wherOd, epireredtess erent with coefficients as any function of qy. Prove that H= tte + 2134p -~ and = 0 when L = Ly. () Show that the least path Between two pois in spabe is a straight line using variational principle. (0) Deduce Baga ion oPtmotion froniiKlamilton’s variational principle. (p) Deduce Ha s of Bion from Hamilton’s variational principle. an (a) Given SF that is conserved. ‘motion remains invariant even if we add or multiply a scalar with the where F'=: “ECG, 0). (1). Answer the following questions on “Small Oscillations”: () __Find'out the normal modes and normal coordinates for linear tri-atomic molecule. (+x) - poh? +y?) + axy; a > 0. Find out the normal modes and normal (Given = 2 coordinates of the system. (i) Given — a? S.4n? + ans. Find out normal modes and normal coordinates. (IV) _ Find outthe normal frequencies for free vibrations of the parallel pendulums. (V) Find out the Lagrangian for two equal masses connected by springs having each force constant C, ‘The masses are free to slide on a frictionless table AB. The walls are at A and B to which the ends of the springs are fixed. Find the normal frequencies of the system. (VD The Lagrangian of two coupled oscillators of mass m each is: = 2 Ds (x? - uxixy)PP 7 Find out the equations of motions and the normal modes of the system. (¥) For an electrical circuit comprising an inductance L and capacitance C, charged to q coulombs and the Current i amperes flowing through the circuit, find out the Lagrangian. (¥) Answer the following questions on Canonical ‘Transformation: j (© For the transformation equations @ = log (1 +9" cosp) & P = 24'/2(1+4'/2cosp): find the generating function, i) For the generating function F, = Smaq? cot@, derive the expression for the displacement of LHO. — F Gi) Prove that the transformation q = PQ?,, (iv) Show that the transformation @ = /2ge*cosp,P = 2qe~4 sin p iseanonical. (¥) Show that the transformation Q = log(1 + Va cosp), p= 2/q(1-44/ 4 cosp) sinp is canonical and also find the generating function F(p, Q). Nee, (vi) Show that the transformation Q = 1/p, P = qp? is canonical using bulinear form: (vii) For what values of a & f do the transformation equations 9: q* cos fp, P = 4% sin Bp Tepresents a canonical transformation? Obtain the geneySting Rinetion. (ili) Find the canonical transformation defines by the generating function: a gz FQ) = a0 4 ‘What happens to the Hamiltonian of a simple harmonig oscillatck whe transformed from (p,q) 10 (, Q coordinates? BMA A, (ix) Find the canonical transformations defined by the generating function, FxQp) =—(e%=Vetanp > ‘What happens to the Hamiltonian of a 8,H.O. when transformed from (p, q) coordinates to (P. Q) coordinaiés for each of the transformation’, (w) Answer the followin questions", a ‘ ()_ Asolid homogeneous cylindéxof radius. rolls without slipping on the inside of a stationary larze cylinder of radius‘RiFind out theperiod ‘of;small oscillations about the stable equilibrium ition ; \ (ii) An ’rtifi¢ial sat revolves about the earth at height H above the earth’s surface. At what orbital'pégiod the mab,jn the Satellite will be in weightless state? a” cosn@ under a force P towards the pole. Find the law of force. - (iv)\, If a planet was-suc stopped in its orbit, supposed to be circular, show that it would fall into sun in-gtimeyhiches V2/8 time of its period. (v) —-Wimas$ m movein a circular orbit of radius 7» under the influence of a central force whose potential is~ x/r™. Show that the citcular orbit is stable under small oscillation ifn < 2. A paiticle describes a circular orbit given by r = 2acos@ under the influence of an attractive Yo is canonical. (vi) centrafforce directed towards a point on the circle. Show that the force varies as the inverse fifth power of the distance. (vii) Find the horizontal component of the coriolis force acting on a body of mass 1.5 kg moving northward with a horizontal velocity of 100 m/sec at 30° N latitude on earth. (wo = 7.29 x 10-5 Hz). (viii) A hundred of 1 mesons, each of rest mass 206m, and energy 4.75 BeV are produced at an altitude of 30 KM. If the mean-life of mesons at rest is 2.2 x 10-6 seconds, calculate their number expected to reach the sea level both allowing time-dilation and neglecting time-dilation, Take the electrons to travel vertically downwards without loss of energy. What conclusion can you draw from the results?cix) Cosmic ray muons generated at the radioactive decay law: top of the earth's atmosphere decay according to the N(O) = N(O)exp(~0693t/p,) Where N (t) is the number of muons at time t and 7; /2 = 1.52 ys is the proper half-life of the muon, Immediately after generation, most of these muons shoot down towards the earth’s surface. Some of these muons decay on the way, but their interaction with the atmosphere is negligible. ‘An observer on the top of a mountain of height 2KM above mean sea level detects muons with the speed 0.98c over a Period of time and counts 1000 muons. The number ‘of muons of the same speed detected by an observer at mean sea level in the same period of time would be what? Fluid Dynamics 1. Answer the following questions: . (1) How can you classify fluids? Differentiate Newtonian and Non-Newtonifn fluids. (I) Relate local and total derivative physicall (II) Establish the continuity equation in fluid dynamics. (IV) _ Establish the equation of equilibrium in fluid dynamics. (V) _. Mathematically establish Bernoullis thtegrem with. state (VI) ~~ Deduce the working formulaof a venturimeter. <2 (VII) Deduce-the working fornmula of’ Pitot’s tub: “a (VIII) State and ptove Torricelli’s theorem 3 ” ‘Answer the following problems: ae 5 (D) , A fully filled glasebeaker OBheight hy has Small hole at a height hg from the base. ‘The watercontained in the beaker is thrown at a distance x from the base of the ~ baker frcim th orifice. Find the position of the orifice from the top of the beaker for which Swill be a'ingximu (It), Acylindtical glass tube of height d containing certain fluid has a hole in the wall just ., Ge igte ty ne tubdig kept on a cubical wooden box of height h. Show that the “Sed range df,flo uid is R = 2Vdh. (Ill) \, A venturitneter hating two cylinders of cross-sectional area 0.8 cm* & 0.2.cm? ‘perpendicular to its body has two points of equal pressure A and B below the fat and "ry, 7 thitheylindérs respectively. Ifthe difference between the heights of the fluid contained in the venturimeter is 8 cm, calculate the velocity of the fluid at point B. v