Summary

This task is based on the thermodynamic study of water-refrigerant cycle, consisting of two parts
high temperature cycle and low temperature cycle. For high temperature cycle, steam turbine and
used the temperature is 500C and pressure is 7MPa for topping cycle. Efficiency of pump is
taken as 60% and of steam turbine is about 80%. To solve the cycle simple steady state energy
equation is applied step by step at point of cycle i.e. starting from pump work input. For the
bottoming cycle Refrigerant-22 is used, here the temperature of cycle is 50C and pressure is
1.8MPa. From the
T-s diagram, it is clear that heat rejected by topping cycle is used as boiler heat for the bottoming
cycle. Overall capacity of plant is 32MW, net heat supplied to plant is 277.93kJ/kg, heat rejected
from entire cycle is 177.95 kJ/kg, total work output from cycle is 100.72 kJ/kg and overall
thermal efficiency of cycle is 36%. The current cycle is economical due to utilizing the waste
heat of plant into electricity generation.
Table of Contents
1. Thermal powerplants................................................................................................................4

1.1 By fuel...............................................................................................................................4

1.2 By prime mover................................................................................................................4

1.3 Rankine cycle....................................................................................................................5

1.4 The steady flow energy equation for the Rankine cycle...................................................5

1.4.1 First law analysis of pump.........................................................................................6

1.4.2 Heat input to Boiler...................................................................................................6

1.4.3 Work output from the turbine....................................................................................6

1.4.4 Heat rejected..............................................................................................................6

1.4.5 The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle,............................................................6

1.4.6 Actual Rankine cycle.................................................................................................6

2. Environmental aspects of Powerplant.....................................................................................8

3. Methodology............................................................................................................................8

4. Given cycle..............................................................................................................................9

4.1 Topping cycle(Steam cycle)..............................................................................................9

4.2 Analysis for bottoming cycle..........................................................................................11

4.3 Total heat supplied..........................................................................................................13

4.4 Total heat rejected...........................................................................................................13

4.5 Total Pump work Input...................................................................................................14

4.6 Total turbine work output...............................................................................................14

4.7 Net work out from entire cycle.......................................................................................14

4.8 Overall thermal efficiency of binary cycle.....................................................................14

4.9 Specific steam consumption............................................................................................14

 4.10 Line diagram of cycle.....................................................................................................15

5. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................16

6. References..............................................................................................................................16

7. Appendix................................................................................................................................16

List of Figures

Figure 1 Layout of steam turbine power plant.................................................................................4

Figure 2 Schematic and T-S diagram of Ideal Rankine cycle.........................................................5
Figure 3 Actual Rankine cycle [3]..................................................................................................7
Figure 4 Given data for the steam cycle.........................................................................................8
Figure 5 Mercury - Steam Binary cycle..........................................................................................9
Figure 6 T-S diagram of cycle.......................................................................................................15
1. Thermal powerplants

Thermal power plants are based on the principle of converting heat energy into electricity. In
such kinds of plants, steam is generated by heating the water in boilers. Now the steam produced
is used to rotate the turbine blades and generator coupled with the turbine produces electricity.
Thermal power plants are based on the principle of the Rankine cycle[2]. These plants are
classified as[1],

1.1 By fuel
By fuel, there are two types of thermal plants as written below,

 Fossil fueled powerplant

 Biomass fueled powerplants

1.2 By prime mover

There are two categories of prime mover plants as discussed below,

 Steam turbine plants

 Gas turbine plants

1.2.1.1 Steam turbine plants

In such kind of powerplants, steam is expanded into the steam turbine. When steam is passed
through the turbine then it is condensed where the heat exchange process occurs. The major
components of steam turbine powerplants are pumps, boiler, steam turbine, and condenser.
However, variation can be made in the cycle to improve the efficiency of the cycle as discussed
in the next incoming sections.
 Figure 1 Layout of steam turbine power plant

1.3 Rankine cycle

Rankine is a liquid-vapor cycle. The ideal Rankine cycle does not involve any internal
irreversibility’s and consists of the following four processes:

1-2: Isentropic compression in a pump

2-3: Heat addition in the boiler at constant pressure,

3-4: Isentropic expansion in a turbine,

4-1: Heat rejection at constant pressure in the condenser.

The schematic and T-s diagram of the ideal Rankine cycle is shown below,

Figure 2 Schematic and T-S diagram of Ideal Rankine cycle

1.4 The steady flow energy equation for the Rankine cycle
From figure 1 the steady flow energy equation for the ideal Rankine cycle is written below,

(q ¿ ¿ ¿−qout )+(W ¿ ¿ ¿−W out )=(h¿¿ e−h¿ ) ¿ ¿ ¿

Where,

kJ
q ¿=heat input ¿ cycle( )
kg

q out =heat rejected ¿ cycle (kJ/kg)

 kJ
W ¿ =work input ¿ cycle( )
kg

kJ
W out =work output ¿ cycle ( )
kg

kJ
h e=enthalpy at exit ( )
kg

kJ
hi =enthalpy at inlet ( )
kg

1.4.1 First law analysis of pump

As heat transfer in case of pump q=0. The work input to pump is calculated as,

W pump =h 2−h1

The work done of the pump can also be determined as,

W pump =v f (P ¿ ¿ 2−P1)¿

Where,

h1=hf @ P 1 and v f @ P1

1.4.2 Heat input to Boiler

The heat input boiler is calculated as but, in this case, work done is zero, i.e. w=0

q ¿=h3−h 2

1.4.3 Work output from the turbine

The work output from the turbine is calculated as,

W turb ,out =h3−h 4 (q=0)

1.4.4 Heat rejected

The heat rejected from the condenser is calculated as,

q out =h 4−h1 (w=0)

1.4.5 The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle,

q out wnet Net work done
ηth =1− = =
q¿ q¿ Heat input
1.4.6 Actual Rankine cycle
The ideal Rankine cycle is different from the actual because of irreversibility in different
components of the Rankine cycle. The two important irreversibilities are fluid friction and
pressure drop. As a result of the fluid friction problem of pressure, loss occurs in piping
components, condenser, and boiler. To overcome the pressure, drop a pump must be installed
with a larger capacity. The schematic of a cycle is shown below,

Figure 3 Actual Rankine cycle [3]

Heat loss is also major irreversibility that occurs when steam flows through the boiler,
condenser, and other components. As a result, the heat supplied to the boiler is more at the same
time the efficiency of the cycle decreases. The deviations from actuals are accommodated by
isentropic efficiencies as written below,

ws h2 s−h1
η pump = =
w a h 2 a−h1

Where 2a is the actual case at pump exit and 2s is the isentropic state. In the actual case, more
work is to be supplied to the pump to overcome the irreversibility’s and isentropic efficiency of
the turbine is defined as,

wa h3 −h4 a
ηturb = =
w s h3−h 4 s
Where 4a is the actual state at the turbine exit and 4s is the isentropic state in an ideal case. So, in
the actual case,s the work output from the turbine is decreased as a result of irreversibility.

2. Environmental aspects of Powerplant

A powerplant can affect the environment in two conditions such as during construction and
operation[4]. A power plant with its components emits pollutants into the fresh air. The
pollutants include particulate matter, compounds of nitrogen, Sulphur, carbon monoxide, and
greenhouse gases [5]. During the combustion process metals as constituents of coal are also
emitted other traces of emissions of metals are nickel, cadmium, beryllium, etc. Mercury
emissions are of greater concern. A thermal power plant during its operation has a major impact
on water quality, air pollution, greenhouse emission[6].

3. Methodology
Figure 4 Given data for the steam cycle

Sr.No Given information Units Value

Topping cycle (R-22) Feron

1 Temperature of steam at turbine ¿) 500

2 Boiler outlet pressure (MPa) 7

3 Efficiency of Pump (%) 60

4 Temperature of topping cycle ¿) 50

condener
Bottom cycle

1 Efficiency of steam turbine (%) 85

1 Temperature of steam at turbine ¿) 50

2 Boiler outlet pressure (MPa) 1.8
 3 Efficiency of steam turbine (%) 80
Efficiency of Pump (%) 60
4 Pressure of condenser (MPa) 0.8
5 Net output power (MW) 32

4. Given cycle

Figure 5 Mercury - Steam Binary cycle

4.1 Topping cycle(Steam cycle)

So starting from topping cycle, we start from point ‘c’, for this we have

T c =50 C∧sat−liquid section

Pc =12.352 kPa

kJ
enthalpy =hc =209.34
kg

State 2

Pa=7 MPa=7 000 kPa

sa =s b=kJ /kgK

w pump,∈¿=v (P ¿ ¿a− P )=0.00102(7 000−13.352)¿¿

f c
 w pump,∈¿=7.07 kJ / kg ¿

The enthalpy at point d is calculated as,

w ¿−hc ¿

h ds=209.34 kJ /kg+ 7.07 kJ /kg

h d=216.41kJ/kg

ws h2 d−h c
η pump = =
w a h d a−h1

As the efficiency of pump is 60% given so, from the above equation enthalpy h2 a is calculated as

h d s−h1 7.07
h d a=h c + =209.34 + =221.12 kJ /kg
η pump 0.6

Now calculating the enthalpy at point ‘b’

h b=hc @50 C+ x b ( h fg @50 C )

In the above first we have to calculate the ‘steam fraction of saturated – liquid region as

s a−s f 6.8−0.7038
x= = =0.86
s fg 7.37

h b=209.34+ 0.86 ( hfg )

kJ
h b=2257.86
kg

In the superheated section we have P = 7MPa, and Temp = 500C so from the steam tables of
superheated section we the enthalpy value as,

Pa=7 Mpa=7 000 kPa

T a=5 00 ℃

h a=3411kJ /kg

Entropy=s=s a=s b ( isonetropic process )=6.8 kJ /kgK

The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is calculated as

wa ha −hb a
ηturb = =
w s h a−hb

Then enthalpy at state 4(actual point) is calculated as,

h b a=ha −¿)×(h a−hb )

h 4 a=3411−( 0.8 0 ) × ( 3411−2257.86 )=2487 kJ /kg

hus

q ¿=ha−h4 a=3411−221.12=3189 kJ /kg

q out =h b a−h c =2487−209.34=2277.66 kJ /kg

w net =q¿ −q out =911.34 kJ /kg

The mass flow rate of steam is calculated as,

Ẇ net 32000
msteam = = =35.12 kg /s
wnet 911.34

The thermal efficiency of this cycle is computed as,

q out 2277.66
ηth =1− =1− =28.58 %
q¿ 3189

4.2 Analysis for bottoming cycle

Now starting from cycle, we start from point ‘3’, for this we have

T 3=16 C∧sat −liquid section

P3=0.8 MPa=800 kPa

kJ
enthalpy =h3=64.19
kg

State 2

P1=1.8 MPa=1800 kPa

 s1=s 2=0.875 kJ /kgK

w pump,∈¿=v (P ¿ ¿1−P )=0.000816 (1800−800)¿ ¿

f 3

w pump,∈¿=0.816 kJ /kg ¿

The enthalpy at point ‘4’ is calculated as,

w ¿−h3 ¿

h 4 s=64.19 kJ /kg +0.816 kJ /kg

h 4 s=65 kJ/kg

ws h4 s−h1
η pump = =
w a h 4 a−h1

As the efficiency of pump is 60% given so, from the above equation enthalpy h 4 a is calculated as

h 4 s−h3 65−64.19
h 4 a=h 3+ =64.19+ =65.54 kJ /kg
η pump 0.6

Now calculating the enthalpy at point ‘2’

h2 =h3 @ 0.8 MPa+ x 2 ( hfg @0.8 MPa )

In the above first we have to calculate the ‘steam fraction of saturated – liquid region as

s a−s f 0.875−0.244
x 2= = =0.954
s fg 0.6608

h2 =64.19+0.954 ( 191.02 )

kJ
h2 =246.6
kg

In the superheated section we have P = 1.8MPa, and Temp = 50C so from the R-22 tables of
superheated section we the enthalpy value as,

P1=1.8 Mpa=1800 kPa

T 1=50 ℃
 h1=265.14 kJ /kg

Entropy=s=s 1=s2 ( isonetropic process )=0.875 kJ /kgK

The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is calculated as

wa h1−h2 a
ηturb = =
w s h1−h2 s

Then enthalpy at state 4(actual point) is calculated as,

h2 a =h1−¿ )×(h1−h2 s)

h 4 a=265.14−( 0.8 5 ) × (265.14−246.6 )=249.39 kJ /kg

thus

q ¿=h1−h 4 a=265.14−65.54=199.6 kJ /kg

q out =h 2 a−h3=249.39−64.19=185.2 kJ / kg

w net =q¿ −q out =14.4 kJ /kg

The mass flow rate of R-22 is calculated as,

Ẇ net 32000 kJ /s
mR 22= = =2 , 222 kg /s
w net 14.4

Value of m is calculated as,

h6 −h4 261.46−65.54
m= = =0.086
h b−h c 2487−209.34

4.3 Total heat supplied

Qs =m ( ha−h d ) +1 ( h1−h6 )

Qs =0.086 ( 3411−221.12 ) +1 ( 265.14−261.46 )

kJ
Qs =277.93
kg
4.4 Total heat rejected
Qr =h2−h3

kJ
Q r =242.14−64.19=177.95
kg

4.5 Total Pump work Input

W P=m ( h d−h c ) + 1 ( h 4−h3 )

W P=0.086 ( 221.12−209.34 )+ ( 65.54−64.19 )

kJ
W P=2.392
kg

4.6 Total turbine work output

W T =m ( ha −hb ) +1 ( h1 −h2 )

W T =0.086 ( 3411−2487 )+1 ( 265.14−242.14 )

kJ
W T =102.464
kg

4.7 Net work out from entire cycle

W net =W T −W p

kJ
W net =102.464−2.392=100
kg

4.8 Overall thermal efficiency of binary cycle

W T −W P 102.464−2.392
ηth = = =36 %
Qs 277.93

ηth =36 %

4.9 Specific steam consumption

SSC=
3600
WT
= (
3600
102.464
=35.13) kg
kWh
4.10 Line diagram of cycle

Figure 6 T-S diagram of cycle

5. Conclusion

Here in this study, a thermal power plant of 32MW is studied from thermodynamics point of
view which consists of two number of cycles topping cycle and bottoming cycle. The pressure at
the inlet of steam turbine is 7MPa and temperature is 500C. Starting discussion from Simple
Rankine cycle the total heat input is 277.93 kJ/kg, the turbine work output is 102.464 kJ/kg while
the thermal efficiency from the cycle is 36%.

6. References

[1] S. Khan and H. F. Ashraf, “Analysis of Pakistan ’ s Electric Power Sector,” no. March,
2015.
[2] Y. A. Cengel, Heat transfer A Practical Approach.
[3] M. A. B. Yunus A. Cengal, Thermodynamic and engineering approach Eigth edition in SI
units, vol. 53, no. 9. 2019
[4] T. Public and S. Commission, “E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t s o f P o w e r P l a n t s,”
pp. 1–20
[5] N. imapct A. Programme, in Pakistan Copyright : Islamabad: Rosette Printer (pvt) ltd.
[6] S. Kumar, D. Katoria, and D. Sehgal, “Environment Impact Assessment of Thermal
Power Plant for Sustainable Development,” vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 567–572, 2013

7. Appendix