9. Develop program for Normal Curves.

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

sd=1

m=0

x=np.linspace(-2, 2, 10000)

y=(1/(sd*np.sqrt(2*np.pi)))*np.exp(-0.5*((x-m)/sd)**2)

plt.plot(x,y)

plt.grid(True)

plt.show()

Output:

10. Develop program for correlation coefficient and scatter points.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from math import sqrt

df = pd.read_csv("/content/Housing.csv", usecols=['price', 'area'])

p_mean = df['price'].mean()

a_mean = df['area'].mean()

n = len(df)

sum_n = ((df['price'] - p_mean) * (df['area'] - a_mean)).sum()

sum_p = ((df['price'] - p_mean)**2).sum()

sum_a = ((df['area'] - a_mean)**2).sum()

ans = sum_n / sqrt(sum_p * sum_a)

print(f"Correlation Coefficient: {ans}")

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))

plt.scatter(df['area'], df['price'], label='Data Points')

plt.axline((a_mean, p_mean), slope=ans, color='red', label=f'Correlation Line (r = {ans:.2f})')

plt.xlabel("Area")
 plt.ylabel("Price")

plt.title("Area vs. Price with Correlation")

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

plt.show()

Output :
Correlation Coefficient: 0.5359973457780801

11. Develop program for Regression Techniques.

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, r2_score

df = pd.read_csv("Salary_Data.csv")

print(df.head())

X = df[['YearsExperience']] # Independent variable (e.g., Years of Experience)

y = df['Salary'] # Dependent variable (e.g., Salary)

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

model = LinearRegression()

model.fit(X_train, y_train)

y_pred = model.predict(X_test)

print(f"Intercept: {model.intercept_:.2f}")

print(f"Coefficient: {model.coef_[0]:.2f}")

mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred)

r2 = r2_score(y_test, y_pred)
 print(f"Mean Squared Error: {mse:.2f}")

print(f"R² Score: {r2:.2f}")

plt.scatter(X_test, y_test, color="blue", label="Actual Data")

plt.plot(X_test, y_pred, color="red", linewidth=2, label="Predicted Line")

plt.xlabel("Experience (Years)")

plt.ylabel("Salary")

plt.title("Linear Regression - Salary vs. Experience")

plt.legend()

plt.show()

Output :
Intercept: 25321.58

Coefficient: 9423.82

Mean Squared Error: 49830096.86

R² Score: 0.90

(b) Multi-Linear Regression

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, r2_score

df = pd.read_csv("Housing.csv")

X = df[['area', 'bathrooms','bedrooms','stories']]

Y = df['price']

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, Y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

model = LinearRegression()
 model.fit(X_train, y_train)

y_pred = model.predict(X_test)

mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred)

r2 = r2_score(y_test, y_pred)

print(f"Intercept: {model.intercept_:.2f}")

print(f"Coefficients: {model.coef_}")

print(f"Mean Squared Error: {mse:.2f}")

print(f"R² Score: {r2:.2f}")

plt.scatter(X_test['area'], y_test, color="blue", label="Actual Data")

plt.plot(X_test['area'], y_pred, color="red", linewidth=2, label="Predicted Line")

plt.xlabel("Area")

plt.ylabel("Price")

plt.title("Multi-Linear Regression - Price vs. Area")

plt.legend()

plt.show()

Output :
Intercept: -64342.42

Coefficients: [3.49009738e+02 1.25815095e+06 1.74685138e+05 4.83859660e+05]

Mean Squared Error: 2457741642022.09

R² Score: 0.51

(c) Polynomial Regression

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, r2_score

from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures

df = pd.read_csv("Salary_Data.csv")
 X = df[['YearsExperience']]

Y = df['Salary']

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, Y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

poly_reg = PolynomialFeatures(degree=4)

X_poly = poly_reg.fit_transform(X)

X_train_poly, X_test_poly, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X_poly, Y, test_size=0.2,

model = LinearRegression()

model.fit(X_train_poly, y_train)

y_pred = model.predict(X_test_poly)

mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred)

r2 = r2_score(y_test, y_pred)

print(f"Mean Squared Error: {mse:.2f}")

print(f"R² Score: {r2:.2f}")

plt.scatter(X, Y, color='blue', label="Actual Data")

plt.plot(X, model.predict(X_poly), color='red', linestyle='dashed', label="Polynomial Fit")

plt.xlabel("YearsExperience")

plt.ylabel("Salary")

plt.title("Polynomial Regression Curve")

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

plt.show()

Output :
Intercept: 25321.58

Coefficient: 9423.82

Mean Squared Error: 49830096.86

R² Score: 0.90