FOURIER REPRESENTATION OF FOUR SIGNAL CLASSES

Sl Type of the signal Fourier representation

No
1 Continuous Time Periodic signal (CT Periodic signal) Fourier series(FS)
2 Continuous Time Non- periodic signal (CT Non-periodic Fourier transform (FT)
signal)
3 Discrete Time Periodic signal (DT periodic signal) Discrete Time Fourier series(DTFS)
4 Discrete Time Non-periodic signal (DT Non-periodic Discrete Time Fourier transform
signal) (DTFT)

TYPES OF FOURIER SERIES(FS):

∞
1. Trigonometric Fourier Series(FS): x (t )=a ( 0 ) + ∑ a ( k ) cos( k w0 t+∅ (k))
k=1
1 Integration
a ( 0 )= ∫ ❑ x ( t ) dt ; ∫ ❑ time period
T ¿ T >¿¿ ¿ T >¿¿
one
2 2
a ( k )= ∫ ❑ x ( t ) cosk w0 t dt ; b ( k ) = ∫ ❑ x (t ) sink w 0 t dt
T ¿ T >¿¿ T ¿T >¿ ¿
2. Compact Trigonometric Fourier Series(FS)/Polar Fourier Series(FS):
∞
x (t )=D ( 0 )+ ∑ D ( k ) cos(k w0 t+∅ (k ))
k=1
1 b(k )
∫
D ( 0 )=a ( 0 )= ❑ x ( t ) dt ; D ( k )= √ a(k )2 +b(k )2 ; ∅ ( k )=tan−1 ( ¿ )¿
T ¿T >¿¿ a(k )
3. Exponential Fourier Series(FS):
∞
x (t )= ∑ X ( k ) e jk w t → synthesis equation
0

k=−∞
1
X ( k )= ∫
T ¿ T> ¿¿
❑ x (t) e
− jk w t
0
dt → Analysis equation

x(t)& X(t) are represented by the Fourier series pair as x (t) FS

↔
X (K )

Convergence of Fourier series –Dirichlet Conditions:

I. Single Valued Property: x(t) must have only one value at any time instant within
the interval T0
II. Finite Discontinuous: : x(t) should have at the most finite number of discontinuous
in interval T0.
III. Finite Peaks: The signal x(t) should have finite number of maximum and minimum
in interval T0.
IV. Absolute intergrability : The signal x(t) should be absolute intergrable .i.e.
∫ ❑|x (t)|dt <¿ ∞ ¿
¿T 0>¿ ¿

PROPERTIES OF FOURIER SERIES: only statement

1. LINEARITY:
If x (t) FS X (K ) & y (t )FS Y (K ) then z (t )=ax ( t ) +by ( t ) FS Z ( k )=aX ( k ) +Y (K )
↔ ↔ ↔
2. TIME SHIFT OR TRANSLATION:
 If x (t) FS X (K ) then z (t )=x ( t−t 0 ) FS Z ( k )=e− jk w t X ( k ) 0

↔ ↔
3. FREQUENCY SHIFT:
jk w t
If x (t) FS X (K ) then z (t )=e x ( t ) FS Z ( k )=X ( k −k 0 )
0 0

↔ ↔

4. SCALING : If x (t) FS X (K ) then z (t )=x ( at ) FS Z ( k )=X ( k )

↔ ↔

5. TIME DIFFERENTIATION: If x (t) FS X (K ) then dx (t) ( t )=FS Z ( k )= jk w X (k )

0
↔ dt ↔
6. CONVOLUTION IN TIME:
If x (t) FS X (K ) & y (t )FS Y (K ) then z (t )=x ( t )∗y ( t ) FS Z ( k ) =TX ( k ) Y (K)
↔ ↔ ↔
7. MULTIPLICATION OR MODULATION THEOREM:
If x (t) FS X (K ) & y (t )FS Y (K ) then z (t )=x ( t ) y ( t ) FS Z ( k )=X ( k )∗Y (K )
↔ ↔ ↔
8. PARSEVAL’S THEOREM: If x(t) is the periodic power signal with Fourier co-
∞

∑ |X ( k )| ;
2
efficient X(k), the average power in the signal is given by
k=−∞
∞

∑ | X (k )|
2
Power=P=
k =−∞

PROBLEMS:
1. Evaluate and analyse the exponential Fourier series and plot the magnitude
and phase spectrum for the saw tooth waveform.

X(t)

t
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
Fig.1:Saw tooth waveform

x(t)=t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1& x(t+1)=x(t)→ T =1; limits=0 ¿1

1 1
X ( k )= ∫ ❑ x ( t ) e dt=¿ ∫ ❑t e
− jk w t − jk w t
0
dt ¿ 0

T ¿ T> ¿¿ 1 ¿T >¿ ¿
x 1
[
∫ ❑t eax dt =e ax a − a2 , with x=t∧a=¿− jk w 0 ¿
¿T >¿ ¿
]
{ }
1
− jk w t t 1
X ( k )= e [ −
0
]
− jk w0 (− jk w 0)2 0

X ( k )=e
− jk w 0
[ 1
−
1
− jk w 0 (− jk w 0 )2 ]
−e 0[ 0−
1
(− jk w 0 )
2
]

X ( k )=e
− jk w 0
[ 1
−
1
− jk w 0 (− jk w 0 )2
+
][ 1
(− jk w0 )
2
]
;w 0=
2π
T =1
=2 π

− jk w 0 t − j 2 πk
e =e =cos 2 πk − jsin 2 πk =1 always

X ( k )=¿
[ 1
−
1
− jk w 0 (− jk w0 )2
+
][1
2
=
1
=
]j∗1
(− jk w 0) − jk w 0 k w 0
for k≠ 0
¿
1 1
1
X ( k )=∫ t e dt ; if k =0 , X ( k )=∫ t e
− jk w 0 t − jk w 0 t
dt =
0 0 2
 { }
j∗1
for k ≠ 0
k w0
X ( k )=
1
for k =0
2
∞ ∞
1 j∗1 jk w t
x (t )= ∑ X (k)e jk w 0 t
= +∑
2 k=−∞ k w0
∗e 0

k=−∞
K≠0

X (k )=
j∗1
k w0
; ∴|X (k )|= 0 +(
2 1 2
k w0
)=
√
1
k w0
2π
; since w0 = =2 π forT=1
T | |
{ }
1
for k ≠ 0
k w0
| X (k )|= ;
1
for k=0
2

{ }
π

( )
1 for k >0
k w0 2
−1
∠ X ( k )=tan = −π
0 for k <0
2
0 for k =0

|X(t)|
0.5
1/2
1/2π
1/2π
1/4π
1/4π

-k t k
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Fig.2:Magnitude of X(k)

Phase spectrum of X(k)

π /2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-k k
0 1 2 3 4 5
π /2
Fig.3: Phase spectrum of X(k)

2. Evaluate and analyse the exponential Fourier series and plot the magnitude
and phase spectrum for the half wave rectified sine wave.

X(t) Half wave rectifier : A sin w0t

t
0 π 2π
1
To/2 To

Fig.1:Half wave rectified sine wave

 { }
T0
A sin w 0 t for 0≤ t ≤
x (t )= 2
T0
0 for
≤ t ≤T 0
2
2π 2π
T 0=T =2 π ; w0= = =1; limits :0 ¿ π
T 2π
1 1
X ( k )= ∫ ❑ x ( t ) e ∫ ❑ A sin w0 t e− jk w t dt ¿
− jk w t
dt=¿ 0 0

T ¿ T> ¿¿ 2 π ¿T >¿¿
π
A
X ( k )= ∫ sin w0 t e dt ; since w0=1 (1)
− jkt
2π 0
ax
❑ ax e
e sin ( bx+ c ) dx= 2 2 [ a sin ( bx +c )−b cos ( bx +c ) ]
∫ a +b
❑
with a=− jk ; b=1 , c=0∧x=t

{ }
π
A e− jkt
X ( k )= ∗ [− jksint −cost ]
2 π (− jk)2+ 1 0

{ }
− jπk 0
A e e
X ( k )= ∗ [− jksinπ −cosπ ]− [− jksin 0−cos 0 ]
2 π (− jk)2+ 1 (− jk )2 +1

X ( k )=
A
∗
{
e− jπk
+
1
=
A
2 π (− jk )2+1 (− jk )2+ 1 2 π [ (− jk )2 +1 ] }
{e− jπk +1}

(− jk )2= (− j )2 ( k )2=−k 2∧e− jπk =(−1 )k

A
X ( k )= {(−1 )k +1 } for k ≠ ±1
2 π [ 1−( k ) ]2

{ }
A
for k=0 ,± 2 ,± 4 , ±6 ,… .
X ( k )= π [ 1−( k )2 ]
0 for k=± 1 ,± 3 , ±5 ,… .
Putting k=1 in equation (1)
π π jt − jt jθ − jθ
A A e −e e −e
X ( k )= ∫ sin t e dt= ∫
− jt − jt
∗e dt ; since sinθ=
2π 0 2π 0 2j 2j

{ }
π
A ( 1−e− jt ) dt = A { t }π0 − 1 { e− j 2 t }0
π
X (k )=
4 jπ 0
∫ 4 jπ 2j
X ( k )=
A
4 jπ {1
π−0+ [ e− j 2 t−e 0 ] =
2j
A
4j }
Putting k=-1 in equation (1)
π π jt − jt jθ − jθ
A A e −e e −e
X ( k )= ∫ sin t e dt= ∫
jt jt
∗e dt ; since sinθ=
2π 0 2π 0 2j 2j

{ }
π
A ( e jt −1 ) dt= A 1 { e j 2 t }0 − {t }π0
π
X (k )= ∫
4 πj 0 4 πj 2 j
 X ( k )= { [ e −e ]−[ π−0 ] = −A
A 1 j2π 0
4 πj 2 j 4j }

{ }
A
for k=0 ,± 2 ,± 4 , ±6 ,… .
π [ 1−( k ) ]
2

0 for k=± 1 ,± 3 , ±5 ,… .
X ( k )= A
for k=1
4j
−A
for k=−1
4j

{|[ |
}
A
for k =0 , ±2 , ± 4 , ± 6 , … .
¿ X ( k )∨¿ π 1−( k )
2
]
A
for k=± 1
4

{ ( )
}
−A
−1 4 −π
tan = for k =1
0 2

()
∠ X ( k )=¿ A
−1 4 π
tan = for k=−1
0 2
0=for k ≠± 1

|X(t)|

A/ π
A/π
A/π
A/3π A/3π

-k t k
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Fig.2: Magnitude of X(k)

∠X(k)
π /2

1
-k t k
-5 -4 -3 -2
-2 -1 0 2 3 4 5
π /2
Fig.3:Phase spectrum of X(k)
DISCRETE TIME FOURIER SERIES (DTFS) :
x ( n )= ∑
jk Ω0 n
¿
k=¿ N >¿ X ( k ) e → Synthesisequation ¿
1
X ( k )=
N
∑
− jk Ω0 n
¿
n=, N >¿ x ( n) e → Analysis equation¿

x(n)& X(k) are represented by the Discrete Fourier series pair as x ( n ) DTFS=Ω0 X ( K )
↔
2π
Ω0 = is the frequency∈radians ;
N
∑ ¿
summation
n=, N >¿means range of N for difference values of k . ¿
the
Convergence of Fourier series –Dirichlet Conditions:
DTFS is finite series. Hence it is always convergence.

PROPERTIES OF FOURIER SERIES: only statement

1 LINEARITY:
If x (N )DTFS ↔
X (K ) & y (n) DTFS Y ( K ) then
↔
z ( n )=ax ( n ) +by ( n ) DTFS Z ( k )=aX ( k ) +Y (K )
↔
' '
2 PERIODICITY : If x ( N ) DTFS
↔
X ( K ) with period ❑N then X (N + k) DTFS X (K )
↔
3 TIME SHIFT OR TRANSLATION:
− jk Ω n
If x (n) DTFS X ( K ) then z ( n )=x ( n−n0 ) DTFS Z ( k )=e X (k ) 0 0

↔ ↔
4 FREQUENCY SHIFT:
jk Ω n
If x ( n ) DTFS X ( K ) then z ( n )=e then x ( n ) FS Z ( k ) =X ( k −k 0 )
0 0

↔ ↔
9. CONVOLUTION IN TIME:
If x (n) DTFS X ( K ) & y (n) DTFS Y ( K ) then
↔ ↔
z ( n )=x ( n ) ⊛ y ( n ) DTFS Z ( k )=NX ( k ) Y (K )
↔
10. MULTIPLICATION OR MODULATION THEOREM:
If x (n) DTFS X ( K ) & y (n) DTFS Y ( K ) then z ( n )=x ( n ) y ( n ) DTFS Z ( k )= X ( k )∗Y (K ) ↔
↔ ↔
11. PARSEVAL’S THEOREM: If x(n) is the periodic power signal with Fourier co-
efficient X(k), the average power in the signal is given by ∑ ❑| X ( k )| ;
2

n=¿ N >¿¿
1
Power=P= ∑
N n=¿ N >¿|x(n)| = ∑ 2
¿
¿¿
k=¿N >¿ |X( k)| ¿
2

12. DUALITY: If x (n) DTFS X ( K ), then X(n) DTFS 1 x (−k)

↔ ↔ N
¿
13. SYMMETRY: If x(n)is real then, X −k =X N−K )=( X ( k ) )
( ) (

PROBLEMS:
 1. Evaluate and analyse the DTFS representation for the signal x(n): and plot the
nπ
magnitude and phase spectrum of x(n). x ( n )=cos ( ).
3
π
∗1
Solution: nπ 3 1 2π 2π π
period=N=2 πfn= =f = = ; N=6 ; Ω0= = =
3 2π 6 N 6 3
jθ − jθ
e +e 1 jΩ n 1 − jΩ n
x(n)in the form of series: x(n)=cosθ= ∴ cos Ω0 n= e + e 0 0

2 2 2

x ( n )= ∑ jk Ω0 n
¿
k=¿ N >¿ X ( k ) e ¿
3
x ( n )= ∑ X ( k ) e jk Ω n (1)0

k=−2
− j 2 n Ω0 − j1 n Ω0 0 j 1 n Ω0 j 2 n Ω0 j 3 n Ω0
¿ X (−2 ) e + X (−1 ) e + X ( 0) e + X ( 1) e
+ X ( 2) e + X (3) e (2)
1
Comparing above equation 1&2: X ( 0 )=0 ; X (−1 )= X ( 1 ) = ; X ( 2 )=X ( 3 )=0
2
Other values of X(k):
1
X (−2 ) =X (−2+6 ) =X ( 4 )=0 ; X (−1 )= X (−1+ 6 )= X (5 )=
2
1
X ( 0 )=X ( 0+6 )=X ( 6 )=0 ; X ( 1 )=X ( 1+6 )=X ( 7 )= ;
2
X ( 2 )= X ( 2+ 6 )= X ( 8 )=0 ; X ( 3 ) =X ( 3+6 ) =X ( 9 )=0
Similarly
1
X (−2 ) =X (−2−6 )=X (−8 )=0 ; X (−1 )= X (−1−6 )= X (−7 )=
2
1
X ( 0 )=X ( 0−6 )= X (−6 )=0 ; X ( 1 ) =X ( 1−6 )=X (−5 )=
2
X ( 2 )= X ( 2−6 )=X (−4 )=0 ; X ( 3 )=X ( 3−6 )= X (−3 )=0 ……and so on.

X(k) repeats here | X(k)| X(k) repeats here

1 /2

-k k
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fig.1:Magnitude of X(k)

2 Evaluate and analyse the DTFS representation for the signal x(n): and plot the
6π π
magnitude and phase spectrum of x(n). x ( n )=cos ( + ).
13 6

6 nπ 3 K 1
Solution: period=N=2 πfn= =f = = = ; N=13 ;
13 13 N 13
2 π 2 π 2π
Ω0 = = =
N 13 13
6π π 6π π
6π π 1 j ( + )n 1 − j ( + )n
x(n)in the form of series: x(n)= x ( n )=cos ( + )= e 13 6 + e 13 6
13 6 2 2
 6 π π 1 j( 6 ) j( 13 ) n 1 − j( 6 ) − j ( 13 ) n
π 6π π 6π

x ( n )=cos (
+ = e e
13 6 2 )
+ e
2
e

1 j ( 6 ) j 3 Ω n 1 − j ( 6 ) j−3 Ω n
π π

x (n)= e e + e 0
e 0

2 2
6
x ( n )= ∑ jk Ω0 n
¿ = x ( n )=
∑ X ( k ) e jk Ω n (1)
0

k=¿ N >¿ X ( k ) e ¿ k=−6

− j 6 n Ω0 − j5 n Ω 0 − j 4 n Ω0 − j 3 n Ω0 − j 2 n Ω0 − j 1 n Ω0 0
x (n)= X (−6 ) e + X (−5 ) e + X (−4 ) e + X (−3 ) e + X (−2 ) e + X (−1 ) e +X (0 )e +X

Comparing above equation 1&2: X (−3 ) = 1 e

−j ( π6 ) 1 j( )
π

; X ( 3 )= e 6
2 2
Other values of X(k):

X (−6 )=X (−5 ) =X (−4 )=X (−2 ) =X (−1 )= X ( 0 )=X ( 1 )= X (2 )=X ( 4 )= X ( 6 )=0

{ }
−π
for k =−3

{ }
1 6
for k =−3∧3
¿ X ( k )∨¿ 2 ; ∠ X ( K )= π
for k =3
0 for elsewhere 6
0 elsewhere

| X(k)|

1 /2

-k k
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig.1:Magnitude of X(k)

∠X(k
) π /6
-3
-k k
-6 -5 -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

π /6
Fig.2. ∠X(k

3 Evaluate and analyse the exponential Fourier series and plot the magnitude
and phase spectrum for the triangular waveform.

X(t)

-t t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Fig.1: Triangular Wave Form

 x (t )= {1+t1−tfor−1<t<
for 0< t<1
0}
2π 2π
T 0=T =2 ; w 0= = =π rad /sec ; limits :0 ¿ 1
T 2
1 1
X ( k )= ∫ ❑ x ( t ) e
− jk w t
dt=¿ ¿ ¿ 0

T ¿ T> ¿¿ 2
− jkπ k
Integrating by parts:[e =(−1 ) ]
1
X ( k )= ¿
2

A
X ( k )= ∗¿ ¿
2

{ }{ }
0 0
1 e− jπk −e 0 e− jπk e− jπkt e 0−e jπk e− jπk e− jπkt
X ( k )= ∗ + + + + −
2 − jkπ jkπ (− jkπ )2 1 − jkπ − jkπ (− jkπ )2 −1
1
X ( k )= ∗¿
2
Find X(0),put k=0 in equation-1
1
X ( k )= ¿
2

{ }
1
k=0
2
¿ X ( k )∨¿ 0 k =± 2 ,± 4 ,± 6 … . ; ∠ X ( k )=0
2
2 2
k =±1 , ± 3 ,± 5 … ..
π k

|X(t)|

1/2
2/ π2
2/π2

2/ 9π2 2/ 9π2

2/ 25π2 2/ 25π2
-k t k
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Fig.2: Magnitude of X(k)

4 Evaluate and analyse the exponential Fourier series and plot the magnitude and
phase spectrum for the half wave rectified sine wave.

X(t)=Full wave rectified: Emsint

Em

t
0 π 2π 3π
Fig.1:Full wave rectified sine wave form
 x (t )=¿
2π 2π
T =π ; w0 = = =2 rad /sec ; limits :0 ¿ π
T π
1 1
X ( k )= ∫ ❑ x ( t ) e dt=¿ ∫ ❑ Em sin t e
− jk w t − j 2kt
0
dt ¿
T ¿ T> ¿¿ π ¿T >¿¿
Em π
X ( k )= ∫ sin w 0 t e dt ; since w0=2(1)
− jkt
π 0
E m π e− jkt −e− jkt − j 2 kt Em π − jt (2k −1) − j (2k +1)
X ( k )= ∫ e dt= ∫e −e dt
π 0 2j 2 πj 0

{ }
π
Em e− j (2 k−1)t e− j(2 k+1 )t E e− j (2 k−1) π −1 e− j (2 k +1) π −1
X ( k )= − = m[ − ]
2 πj − j(2 k−1) − j(2 k +1) 0 2 πj − j ( 2 k −1 ) − j ( 2 k +1 )
Em
X ( k )= 2
¿
4π j
Em
X ( k )= ¿
4π

| X ( k )|=
{| Em
π ( 1−4 k )
2 |}
E E E
| X ( 0 )|= m ;| X ( 1 )|=| X (−1 )|= m ;|X ( 2 )|=|X (−2 )|= m
π 3π 15 π

{ }
0 for k =0
¿ X ( k )∨¿ −π for k > 0 ∠ X ( k )=¿
πfor k < 0

|X(t)|

Em/ π
Em/3 π Em/3 π

Em/15 π Em/15 π

-k k
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Fig.2: Magnitude of X(k)

∠X(k)
π

1
-k t k
-5 -4 -3 -2
-2 -1 0 2 3 4 5
-π

Fig.3:Phase spectrum of X(k)

 5 Evaluate and analyse the exponential Fourier series and plot the magnitude and
phase spectrum for the waveform X(t).

X(t) =
X(t)
e-t

-t t
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Fig.1:x(t)

−t
x (t )=e for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
2 π 2π
T =1 ; w0 = = =2 π rad /sec ; limits :0 ¿ 1
T 1
1
1 1
X ( k )= ∫ ❑ x ( t ) e dt=¿ ∫ e e
− jk w t −t − j2 πkt
dt ¿0

T ¿ T> ¿¿ 10

{ }
1 1
e−(1+ j 2 πk)t e−(1+ j 2 πk )t −e 0
X ( k )=1∫ e −(1+ j 2 πk −1 )t
dt= =
0 −(1+ j 2 πk ) 0 −(1+ j2 πk )
0 −1 j 2 πk −1
e −e e 1−e 0.632 j 2 πk
X ( k )= = = ; e =1
( 1+ j 2 πk ) ( 1+ j2 πk ) ( 1+ j2 πk )
| X ( k )|=
{ 0.632
√1+( j 2 πk ) }
2 ∠ X ( k ) = { tan (2 πk) }
−1

K | X ( k )| ∠ X (k )
-3 0.03 +1.51
-2 0.05 +1.149
-1 0.099 1.14
0 0.639 0
1 0.099 -1.14
2 0.05 -1.49
3 0.03 -1.51

|X(k)|

0.632

0.099 0.099

0.05 0.05

0.03 0.03

-k k
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Fig.2: Magnitude of X(k)
 ∠X(k)

1.51

1.149

1.14

-k 1 2 3 k
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 4
-1.14

Fig.3: Phase spectrum of ∠X(k) -1.149

-1.51
3 Evaluate and analyse the DTFS representation for the signal x(n), plot the
magnitude and phase spectrum of x(n) and power of signal & power density
spectrum.
x ( n )=2+2∗cos
π
4
n+ cos
π
2 ()
n+
1
2
cos
3π
4
n. () () ( )
π
∗1
Solution: nπ 3 1 2π 2π π
period=N=2 πfn= =f = = ; N=6 ; Ω0= = =
3 2π 6 N 6 3
π π
Ω01= ; Ω02= ; Ω03=
4 2
3π
4
π π 3π
; Ω0 =Ω01 ,02 ,03=GCD , ,
4 2 4
π
= ;
4 ( )
π 2π
Ω 0 = = =N =8
4 N
jθ − jθ
e +e
x(n)in the form of series: x(n)=cosθ=
2

x ( n )= ∑ jk Ω0 n
¿
k=¿ N >¿ X ( k ) e ¿

[ ][ ]
π π π π 3π 3π
j n −j n j n −j n j n −j n
4 4 2
+e 2 e1 e 4 +e 4 +e e
x ( n )=2+2 + + [ ]
2 2 2 2
π π π π 3π 3π
j n − j n 1 j n 1 −j n 1 j n 1 −j n
x ( n )=2+e 4 +e 4 + e 4 + e 4 + e 4 + e 4
2 2 4 4
π π 2∗π
Substituting Ω 0 = ; we get= = =2 Ω0
4 2 4
jΩ n −jΩ n 1 j2Ω n 1 − j2Ω n 1 j3Ω n 1 −j3Ω n
x ( n )=2+e + e + e + e 0
+ e + e 0 0 0 0 0

2 2 4 4
Hence ,the DTFS co-efficient of x(k) are:
1 1
X ( 0 )=2 ; X (1 )=X (−1 )=1 ; X (−1 )= X (2 )=X (−2 )= ; X ( 4 ) =X (−4 )=
2 4
 |X(k)|

2
1 1

0.5 0.5

0.25 0.25

-k k
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Fig.1: Magnitude of X(k)

2
| X (k )|
4 1
1
1/4
1/4

1/16 1/16

-k k
The power of the signal,(from
0 1 parsaval’s
2 3 theorem)
4 5 6 7 8
1
P=
N n =¿ N >¿|x (n)| =
2
∑
Fig.2: ∑power density
¿
spectrum of | X (k )|
2
¿¿
2 1 1 1 1 53
k=¿N > ¿|X (k )| ; k∈ (0 … 7)=4+ 1+ + + 0+ + + 1= ¿
4 16 16 4 8

4 Evaluate the power of the discrete-time periodic signal x(n), whose DTFS Co-
efficient are: X(k)={0 1 1+2j 3 1-2j 1}
N−1
1
From parsevals theorem: P= ∑ ¿ X (k )∨¿ ; N=6 ; ¿
2
N k=0
¿ X (k )∨¿ = { 0 , 1 , 1 + 22 , 32 , 12+22 , 0 } ={0 , 1 ,5 , 9 , 5 ,1 }¿
2 2 2

5
1 1 21
P= ∑ ¿ X (k )∨¿2= [ 0+1+5+9+5+1 ] = Watts=P ¿
6 k=0 6 6
5 Evaluate the DTFS representation for the signal x(n) shown in Fig.1 and sketch
the spectra. Also verify Parseval’s identity.
x(n)

3
2
1

-n n
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fig.1:x(n)

1
Ω0 =
2 π 2 π π X ( k )=
= = ; N
∑ ¿
N 4 2
3 π
1 −jk ( )n
= ∑ x (n )e 2 ¿
− jk Ω0 n
n=, N >¿ x ( n) e
4 n=0
π 3π
1 −j k −j k
X (k )= [ x ( 0 ) + x ( 1 ) e 2
+ x (2 ) e− j π k + x ( 3 ) e 2
]
4
 π 3π
1 −j k −j k
X (k )= [0+1 e 2 +2 e− j π k +3 e 2 ]
4
1
X ( 0 )= [ 0+1+2+3 ] =1.5
4
[ ]
π 3π
1 −j
− jπ
−j
X ( 1 )= 0+1 e +2 e +3 e 2 =−0.5+ j 0.5
2
4
1
X ( 2 )= [ 0+ 1 e + 2 e ]=−0.5
−jπ −j2π −j3π
+3 e
4
[ ]
3π 6π
1 −j
2 − j3 π
−j
X ( 3 ) = 0+ 1 e +2 e +3 e 2 =−0.5− j0.5
4
3π
∴|X ( 0 )|=1.5 ; ∠ X ( 0 )=0 ;| X ( 1 )|=0.707 ;∠ X (1 )= ;
4
−3 π
| X ( 2 )|=0.5 ; ∠ X ( 2 )=0;| X ( 3 )|=0.707 ;∠ X ( 3 )=
4

|X(k)|
1.5 ∠ X (k )
0.707 0.707 3π
0.5 4
-k k
3
-k k -1 0 1 2
-1 0 1 2 3 4 Fig.3: Phase spectrum of X(k) −3 π
Fig.2: Magnitude of X(k)
4
Verification of Parseval’s identity :
1
∑
N n=¿ N >¿|x (n )| = ∑ ¿ ¿
2
¿
k=¿ N> ¿ |X(k )| ¿
2

1
LHS=
N
∑ 3
¿
1
n=¿ N >¿|x(n)| = ∑|x(n)| ¿
22

4 n=0
1 1
¿
4
[ 2 2 2 2
|x ( 0 )| +|x ( 1 )| +|x (2 )| +|x ( 3 )| = [ 0+1+ 4+9 ] =3.5
4
]
RHS= ∑ 3
¿
k=¿ N >¿|X (k)| = ∑|X (k )| =[|X ( 0 )| +|X ( 1 )| +|X ( 2 )| +|X (3)| ] ¿
2 2 2 2 2 2

n=0

¿ [ 1.52 +0.707 2+ 0.52+ 0.7072 ]=3.5

6. Evaluate the DTFS representation for the signal x(n) and also sketch the spectra of
the signal. x ( n )=(−1)n ;−∞ <n< ∞

The signal x ( n )=(−1)n ;−∞ <n< ∞ is plotted in Fig.1

x(n)

1
-5 -3 -1 1 3 7
5
-n n
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-1

Fig.1:x(n)
 2π
∴ N=2 , ∴ Ω 0= =π
2
1
X ( k )=
N 1
∑ ¿
1 1 1
=¿ ∑ x ( n) e = [ 1−1.e ] = [ 1−(−1) ] ¿ ¿
− jk Ω0 n − jkπn − jkπ k
n=¿ N> ¿x ( n) e
2 n =0 2 2

X ( 0 )=0∧ X (1)=1.The spectrum for three cycle is shown in Fig.2

X(k)

-k k
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Fig.2.