CHAPTER 2:

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
 CONTENT

1. Introduction
2. Univariate descriptive statistics
3. Multivariate descriptive statistics
4. Descriptive statistics for multiple response
questions

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1. INTRODUCTION

❖ Descriptive statistics is a technique that helps

researchers describe and summarize the main
features observed in a dataset through tables,
charts, graphs, and summarizing methods,
allowing researchers to better understand the
research data.
❖ Descriptive statistical analysis is based on the
dataset under study (sample), without making
any conclusions or inferences about the
population.
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1. INTRODUCTION

Descriptive
statistics

Univariate Multivariate descriptive

descriptive statistics statistics

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2. UNIVARIATE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

2.1. Frequency distribution table

2.2. Descriptive statistics measures
2.3. Create frequency tables and calculate
descriptive statistics measures
2.4. Univariate graphs and charts

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2.1. Frequency distribution table

❖ Counting frequencies to determine how many

objects in the dataset being studied have a specific
attribute.
❖ This can be done with both qualitative and
quantitative variables.

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Example: Create a frequency distribution table for gtinh
variable
Step 1: Open file Data thuc hanh, go to the menu Analyze >
Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies, the Frequencies
dialog box appears:

Step 2: Select the

variable you want to
create a frequency
table for (e.g., gtinh),
then click the right
arrow button to move
the variable to the
Variable(s) box.

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Step 3: Click OK, and the results table will be displayed as
follows

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2.2. Descriptive statistics measures
❖ Descriptive statistical measures are applicable
only to quantitative variables.

Example: Create a frequency distribution table for C3

variable
Steps to perform:
Step 1: Go to the menu Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >
Descriptives…, the dialog box appears
Step 2: Select one or more quantitative variables to
analyze at the same time, then click the right arrow
button to move them to the Variable(s) box.
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Step 3: Click the Options
button to access the
Descriptives Options dialog
box, then check the boxes for
the necessary options.
- Mean
- Sum
- Std. Deviation
- SE. mean

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❖ Choose how to display results:
▪ On the Output window, double-click the table to edit.
▪ Go to the Pivot menu, select Transpose rows and
columns
▪ Or select pivoting trays to edit

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2.3. Create frequency tables and calculate
descriptive statistics measures
❖ It is possible to both create frequency tables and calculate
descriptive statistics measures
❖ This applies to quantitative variables

Step to perform:
Step 1: Go to the menu Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >
Frequencies
Step 2: Select the quantitative variable and place it in the
Variable(s) box.
Step 3: Click the Statistics… button to open the dialog box for
calculating descriptive statistics, as shown in the image
below:"
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2.4. Univariate graphs and charts

Types of univariate charts:

❖ Bar chart
❖ Pie chart
❖ Histogram

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Example: Present results using charts for gtinh variables

1. In the Frequencies dialog box, continue by clicking on

the Charts option on the right.

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2. In Chart Type, select the type of chart to display.
3. In Chart Values, choose Percentages or Frequency

If you want to add

a normal
distribution curve

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4. Click Continue, then click OK

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To display the data on the chart, double-click the chart and
select the chart icon

The Properties dialog box will appear. Then click the red X,
select Percent > Apply > Click OK

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3. MULTIVARIATE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

3.1 Creating a summary table with multiple variables

3.2 Multivariate charts and graphs

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3.1. Creating a summary table with multiple variables

3.1.1. Creating a summary table for categorical variables

Example: Creating a summary table between personal

income (tncn) and gender (gtinh) variable
Analyze > Tables > Custom Tables…

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 Drag the variable gtinh
to the column box and
the variable tncn to the
row box

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Select Summary Statistics

Select the statistical

functions and drag them
to the Display section

Then select Apply to

Selection

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Statistical summary table between personal income (tncn)
and gender (gtinh)

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Example: Creating a summary table between personal income
(tncn), city (tp), and gender (gtinh) variable

tp
Hà Nội TPHCM
gtinh gtinh
Nam Nữ Nam Nữ
Count Table N Count Table N Count Table N Count Table N
% % % %
Không 13 2.6% 20 4.0% 17 3.4% 27 5.4%

Dưới 1 tr 53 10.6% 65 13.0% 42 8.4% 44 8.8%

1-2 tr 37 7.4% 43 8.6% 58 11.6% 45 9.0%

tncn 2-4 tr 10 2.0% 3 0.6% 11 2.2% 3 0.6%

Trên 4 tr 4 0.8% 1 0.2% 3 0.6% 0 0.0%

Không
0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
biết

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3.1.2. Creating a summary table between quanlitative and
quantitative variables

Example: Creating a summary table between household size

(Sonk) and city (tp)

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Example: Creating a summary table between age (tuoi) and
Ho Chi Minh City (tp)

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3.2. Multivariate charts and graphs

• Create a chart using the Graphs option

From menu Graphs > Chart Builder…

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 Step 2: Define
the data range
and data
structure

Step 1: Choose
the appropriate
chart type

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 Step 3: Detail
the chart

Select the
function to
display

Add a title

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 Step 4: Edit the
chart

Display data

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(1) Chart combining categorical variables
Example: Create a chart to assess personal income (tncn)
across cities

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(2) Chart combining quanlitative and quantitative variables
Example: Create a chart to assess the number of newspaper
readers in a household (c3) against education level (hocvan)

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(3) Chart combining quantitative variables
Example: Present the correlation between the number of
newspaper readers in a household (c3) and household size
(sonk)
Scatter/Dot plot

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4. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR MULTIPLE RESPONSE
QUESTIONS

* How to perform:
- From menu: Analyze > Multiple Response > Define
Variable Sets…

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Enter the definition type
Dichotomies / Categories
and input the number of
choices

Enter the variable

name and label
 Select the variable
name to be
calculated

Select Frequencies

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 Select the variables for
analysis. Click Define
Ranges to define the
Nominal variable

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