Fluid Mechanics

CH.(3)

KINEMATICS FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 1

Introduction:-
Kinematics is defined as that branch of science which deals with motion of particles with
considering the forces causing the motion. The velocity at any point in a flow field at any
time is studied in this branch of fluid mechanics. Once the velocity is known, then the
pressure distribution and hence forces acting on the fluid can be determined. In this chapter,
the methods of determine velocity and acceleration are discussed.
Types of Fluid Flow:
(i) Steady and unsteady flows;
(ii) Uniform and non-uniform flows;
(iii) Laminar and turbulent flows;
(iv) Compressible and incompressible flows;
(v) Rotational and irrotational flows; and
(vi) One, two and three-dimensional flows.
FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 2
Steady and Unsteady Flow:
Steady flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid characteristics like velocity,
pressure, density etc., at a point do not change with time.

Thus for steady flow, mathematically, we have

Unsteady flow is that type of flow, in which the velocity, pressure or density at a point
changes with respect to time. Thus, mathematically, for unsteady flow

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 3

Uniform and Non-uniform Flows:
Uniform flow is defined as that type of flow in which the velocity does not change with
respect to space (i.e., length of direction of the flow). Mathematically, for uniform flow.

Non-uniform flow is that type of flow in which the velocity changes with respect to
space. Thus, mathematically, for non-uniform flow:

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 4

Laminar and Turbulent Flows:
Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move
along well-defined paths or stream line and all the stream-lines are straight and
parallel. Thus the particles move in laminas or layers sliding smoothly over the
adjacent layer. This type of flow is also called stream-line flow or viscous flow.

Turbulent flow is that type of flow in which

the fluid particles move in a zig-zag way. Due
to the movement of fluid particles in a zig-zag
way, the eddies formation takes place.

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 5

Laminar and Turbulent Flows:
for high energy loss. For a pipe flow, the type of flow is determined by a non-
dimensional number called Reynold’s Number: 𝑽𝒅
𝑹𝒆 =
Where: 𝒗
V = mean velocity, d = diameter of pipe and v = Kinematic viscosity.
If the value is less than about 2000 then flow is laminar, if greater than 4000 then it
is turbulent and in between these then is the transition zone.
𝑘𝑔
Example: water density 𝜌 = 1000 3 , 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑 = 0.5 𝑚 ,
𝑚
(𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐) 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝜇 = 0.55𝑥10−3 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2
What is the Maximum velocity when the Re is 2000.
𝑽𝒅 𝜌𝑉𝑑 1000×𝑉×0.5
Solution: 𝑅𝑒 =
𝒗
=
𝜇
=
0.55𝑥10−3
= 2000
2000×0.55𝑥10−3
𝑉= = 2.2 × 10−3 𝑚/𝑠 = 0.22 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
1000×0.5

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 6

Compressible and Incompressible Flows.

Compressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the fluid changes
from point to point or in other words the density (ρ) is not constant for the fluid.
Thus, mathematically, for compressible flow ρ ≠ Constant

Incompressible flow is that type of flow in which the density is constant for the
fluid flow. Liquids are generally incompressible while gases are compressible.
Mathematically, for incompressible flow ρ = Constant.

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 7

One-, Two- and Three-Dimensional Flows:
One-dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as velocity
is a function of time and one coordinate only, say x. For a steady one-dimensional flow,
the velocity is a function of one-space-coordinate only.
The variation of velocities in other two mutually perpendicular directions is
assumed negligible. Hence mathematically, for one-dimensional flow
𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑣 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 = 0
where u, v and w are velocity components in x, y and z directions respectively.

Two-dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the velocity is a function of

time and two rectangular coordinates say x and y. For a steady two-dimensional
flow the velocity is a function of two space co-ordinates only. The variation of velocity
in the third direction is negligible. Thus, mathematically for two-dimensional flow
𝒖 = 𝒇𝟏(𝒙, 𝒚), 𝒗 = 𝒇𝟐(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘 = 𝟎
FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 8
Three-dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the velocity is a function of
time and three mutually perpendicular directions. But for a steady three-dimensional
flow the fluid parameters are functions of three space co-ordinates (x, y and z). Thus,
mathematically, for three-dimensional flow

𝒖 = 𝒇𝟏(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛), 𝒗 = 𝒇𝟐(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘 = 𝒇𝟑(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 9

Conservation of Mass (Continuity Equation)
The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system
closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant
over time, as system mass cannot change quantity if it is not added or removed. Hence, the
quantity of mass is "conserved" over time.
Mass flow rate is the mass of a substance, which passes per unit of time. Its unit is
kg/s in SI units

The volumetric flow rate, (also known as volume

flow rate) is the volume of fluid, which passes per
unit time; usually represented by the symbol Q. The
SI unit is m3/s

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 10

By using conservation of mass m A  m B , therefore the mass flow rate passing cross section A is
By using conservation of mass m A  m B , therefore the mass flow rate passing cross section A is
equal to the mass flow rate through cross section B, let:
equal to the mass flow rate through cross section B, let:
m ≡ Mass flow kg/s
m ≡ Mass flow kg/s
v v≡ Specific volume m33/kg
≡ Specific volume m /kg
AA≡ ≡cross
crosssectional
sectional area m22
area m
VV≡ ≡velocity
velocitym/s,
m/s, and
and
QQ≡ ≡Volume
Volumeflow
flow rate
rate m
m33/s/s
 
m  mass   kg
mass

 
 kg

 A   
m 2 2  m  m  kg  kg 
 m  time   3 3   A m V  V
 s  
  s  
 s
time mm  s    
Volume
 Q  time  m
 kg   m3  3   m 
 Q  Volume m   kg v
 s    vkg
  
m  V   mA m 2
 
2 m𝑚3 3 3

m
     s  
V A m 2𝑠
time s   kg  s 2
Mass of fluid at A per unit time = Mass of fluid at B per unit time

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 11

Mass entering per unit time at A = ρAAAVA
Mass entering per unit time at B = ρBABVB
 m  m A  m B
 m   A AAV A   B ABVB
 Q  VA

 m   VA  Q
1 Q
    Q 
m
v v
Q
  AV  Q 
m  1
v

Continuous flow through a stream tube

 m  1 A1V1   2 A2V2 OR  m  1Q1   2 Q2

 Q  V1 A1  V2 A2

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 12

Q1 = Q2 + Q3 A1V1 = A2V2 + A3V3
 m 1  m 2  m 3 1 A1V1   2 A2V2   3 A3V3

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 13

Example:-
Example:-
A 120cm dia. pipe is in series with a 60cm diam. pipe. The speed of the water in the 120cm pipe
A 120cmWhat
is 2m/s. dia. pipe
is theiswater
in series with
speed in athe
60cm diam.
60cm pipe?pipe. The speed of the water in the 120cm pipe
is 2m/s. What is the water speed in the 60cm pipe?

Solution
Solution
Flow rate is the same for each section, to calculate velocity in the 60cm pipe diam.
 Q1 rate
Flow Q
Q2 is the same for  AV
each section, to calculate velocity in the 60cm pipe diam.

QA11V1 Q
 2A2V2  Q  AV
 A1V1  A2V2
A1V1 V1d12
V2  
AA1V21 Vd1d212
V2   22
A d
2 21.2 2 2
V2   8m / s V2  8m / s
2 0.16.22 2
V2  2
 8m / s V2  8m / s
0.6

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 14

 Example:-
Example:-
Threepipes
Three pipessteadily
steadilydeliver
deliverwater
wateratat20°C
20°Ctotoa alarge
largeexit
exitpipe
pipeininFig.
Fig.The
Thevelocity
velocityVV
2=2= 5m/s,and
5m/s, and
the exit flow rate Q = 120 m3 3/h. Find (a) V1; (b) V3; and (c) V4 if it is known that increasing Q3
the exit flow rate Q4 = 120 m /h. Find (a) V1; (b) V3; and (c) V4 if it is known that increasing Q3
4

byby20%
20%would
wouldincrease
increaseQQ 4 by
4 by
10%.
10%.

Solution
Solution
Forsteady
For steadyflow
flowwewehave
have QQ
1+1+
QQ2+2+QQ 3=
3= QQ
4, 4
, OR
OR
VV 1A
1A 1 +V
1 +V 2A
2A 2 +V
2 +V 3A3A
3=3= VV 4A
4A
1
4 4 1
Since0.2Q
Since 0.2Q3=3= 0.1Q
0.1Q , therefore 0.2V3 A3  0.01.Q
4,4therefore 0.2V3 A
1Q4
3 4

  QQ
 V3 3 2 4 A
  4
V
2  A3 3
FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 15
 120 m333 1h
Q4 =  120120m m  11hh  0.0333 m33 / s
3
Q44 ==  h  3600  0.0333
Q 0.0333 m
m // ss
hh 3600
3600
4  0.0333
V3  4400..0333 03332  5.89 m/s
V33  2   0.06 22  5.89
 V  5.89 m/s
m/s
2200..06
06
Substituting into 1
Substituting into
Substituting into 11
 2  2  2  2
V1  d122  V2  d22  V3  d232  V4  d242
VV11 4 dd11 VV22 4 dd22 VV33 4 dd33 VV44 4 dd44

44 44 44 44
  
V1   0.04222  5   0.05222  5.89   0.06222  0.0333
VV11 4 00..04
 04 55 4 00..05 05 55..89
89 4 00..06
06  00..0333
0333
44 44 44
V1  5.45 m/s
V11  5.45
V 5.45 m/s
m/s
From mass conservation, Q4 = V4A4
From mass conservation,
From mass conservation, Q
Q44 == V
V44A
A44

V4  d2422  0.0333
VV44 4 dd44  00..0333
 0333
44

V4   0.06222  0.0333
VV44 4 00..06
 06  00..0333
0333
44
V  5.24 m/s
V444  5.24
V 5.24 m/s
m/s

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 16

Example:-
Example:-
Water flows from A to D and E through the series pipeline shown in Fig. Given the pipe diameters,
Water flows from A to D and E through the series pipeline shown in Fig. Given the pipe diameters,
velocities and flow rates below, complete the tabular data for this system.
velocities and flow rates below, complete the tabular data for this system.

Solution
Solution
 Q11  Q
Q22 QQ33QQ44
 
Q22  V
V22  AA22  dd222VV2 2  0.0075
2
.0752 2 2 0.008836
2
m3m/ s3 / s
0.008836
44 44
 2 
Q  Q ,
Q Q 1 ,  Q 1 
 Q  0.008836 m/ s / s
0.008836 m 3 3
2 1 1

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 17

  
 Q    d 2
 V  0 . 008836 m 3
3 // s
Q11    
2 3

Q 1
4  d
d 1
12
 V
V `
`1
1  0
0 ..008836
008836 m
m / ss
4 1 `1
4
4 4

 V  0. 008836  4  0 .008836  4 4 .5m /s
  
V`11  0.008836  d1222  0.008836    0.05 222  
V 0. 008836 4 0 .008836 4
``1
4 4..5 5m
m // ss

dd11 
 00..05
05

 V
V 
 4
4..55 m
m // ss
V`1  4.5m / s
``1 1
1

 Q
Q 
 Q
Q 
 Q
Q ,
, and
and 
 Q 

1
1Q
 Q22  Q33  Q44 ,
2 3 4
and Q
 Q4  24
4 Q
Q 3
3
3
2
2
1 Q

 Q
Q 
 Q
Q 

1
1 Q
Q 
 1
1 .
. 5
5Q
Q ,
, 
 Q
Q 

Q
Q 2
2
Q2  Q3  2
2
2 3
3 Q 3
3
3  1 . 5Q 3
3
3 ,  Q 3
3
3  1
1 .
2
5
2
2 1..55
0 . 008836

 Q  0 ..008836  0 .005891 m 3
3 // s
Q33  
0 008836 3
Q 3
 1 1 ..55  0
0 .
.005891
005891 m
m / ss
1.5

 Q 4

 Q
Q 
  
 d
d
2
2 
 V
V ,
, 
 d
d
2
2 

Q
Q 3
3 

4
4
Q33  4
3
 d 2
3
 V `3
,  d 32
 3
 
V```333 
3 `3 3 V

4 3 `3 3 V
4
Q 4 4 
 0 ..005891
 d 

Q
Q 3


4 

4  0 005891 
.005891  0..0707 m 
 70 ..7 mm 
 d3  70 ..7 mm
d 33 
 d 3 4 4 0 0 0707 m 70 7 mm
 d 33  V
3 3
      0 .0707 m  70 .7 mm d  70
70 .77 mm
mm
V``33  
1 .5
V `3
 1 5
1..5 
1 1

 Q
Q 

1
1 Q
Q 
 1
1
 0
0 ..005891
005891 
 0
0..00295
00295 m
m
3
3
 Q4  2
4
4
2 Q 3
3
3  2
2  0 .005891  0 .00295 m 3
2 2
4 4

 V  Q  4  0 . 00295  4 4 .17 m /s
  
V`44  Q44  d 422  0.00295    0.03 222  
V Q 4 0 . 00295 4
``4 4 2 4 4..17
17 mm // ss

dd 44 
 0 0..03
03
FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 18
Example:- Example:-
A garden hose attached with a nozzleAuses garden hose
to fill attached
a 10-gal with aThe
bucket. nozzle uses
inner to fill a of
diameter 10-gal bucket. The in
the hose
is 2cm, exit
is 2cm, and it reduces to 0.8cm at the nozzle and (Fig.).
it reduces
If ittotakes
0.8cm50sat to
thefill
nozzle exit (Fig.).
the bucket withIfwater,
it takes 50s to f
determine (a) the volume and mass determine
flow rates(a)of the
watervolume
through and the
mass flowand
hose, rates
(b)ofthewater through the h
average
velocity of water at the nozzle exit. velocity of water at the nozzle exit.
1 gallon = 3.7854 Liter
V 10 gal 3.7854 L
Q     0.757 L/s
t 50 1gal
kg L
  Q  1
m  0.757  0.757 kg / s
L s
(b) The cross-sectional area of the nozzle exit is
 2 
 Ae  de  2
 0.8  0.5027 cm  0.5027  10 -4 m 2
2
4 4
The volume flow rate through the hose and the nozzle is constant. Then the average velocity of
water at the nozzle exit becomes
Q 0.757 L / s  1m 3 
Ve      15.1 m/s
Ae 0.5027  10 -4 m 2 1000 L 
FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 19
Example:
The water tank in the figure below is being filled through sections 1 at velocity 5
m/s and through section 3 at Q3 = 0.012 m3/s. if the water level h is required to be
constant, determine exit velocity V2.

𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟑
𝝅 𝝅
𝑽𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 = 𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐
𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟕 m3/s
𝝅
𝑸𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐
𝟒

FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 20

Example:
If the water level varies in the past problem and V2 = 8 m/s, find the rate of change dh/dt. Assume
tank diameter is 1 m.
𝜋
𝑄1 + 𝑄3 = 5 × 0.042 + 0.012 = 18.28 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠
4
𝜋
𝑄2 = 8 × 0.062 = 22.61 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠
4
𝑄2 − 𝑄1 + 𝑄3 = 4.33 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠

The water decreases with the rate = Q/A

𝑑ℎ 4.33 × 10−3 −3
𝑚 𝑚𝑚
= = 5.544.33 × 10 = 5.5 = 33.25 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 3.14 2 𝑠 𝑠
1
4
𝑑ℎ 𝜋
Or 𝑄1 + 𝑄3 = 𝑄2 + . . 𝐷2
𝑑𝑡 4
𝜋 2
𝜋 2
𝑑ℎ 𝜋 2
5 × 0.04 + 0.012 = 8 × 0.06 + . .1
4 4 𝑑𝑡 4
𝑑ℎ −3
𝑚 𝑚𝑚
= −5.544.33 × 10 = −5.5 = 33.25 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
FLOW OF IDEAL FLUID 21