Practical 1

AIM:Introduction to Arduino

// C++ code

//

int led =12;

void setup()

pinMode(led, OUTPUT);

void loop()

digitalWrite(led, HIGH);

delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)

digitalWrite(led, LOW);

delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)

}
 Practical 2

AIM : Light Sensitive Sensors

int ldrPin = A0; // Light sensor connected to analog pin A0

int ledPin = 9; // LED connected to digital pin 9

int threshold = 500; // Light threshold value

void setup() {

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set LED pin as output

Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication

void loop() {

int lightValue = analogRead(ldrPin); // Read value from LDR

Serial.print("Light Intensity: ");

Serial.println(lightValue); // Print light intensity to Serial Monitor

if (lightValue < threshold) {

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn on LED if it's dark

} else {

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn off LED if there's enough light

delay(500); // Small delay for stability

}
OUTPUT :
 Practical 3
AIM : Temprature Sensors

// Define the analog pin where the LM35 sensor is connected

const int sensorPin = A0;
float temperatureC;
float temperatureF;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication
}

void loop() {
// Read analog value from sensor
int sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);

// Convert analog reading (0-1023) to voltage (0-5V)

float voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);

// Convert voltage to temperature (LM35 gives 10mV per degree Celsius)

temperatureC = voltage * 100.0;

// Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit

temperatureF = (temperatureC * 9.0 / 5.0) + 32.0;

// Print values to Serial Monitor

Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(temperatureC);
Serial.print(" °C / ");
Serial.print(temperatureF);
Serial.println(" °F");

delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second before next reading

}
OUTPUT :
 Practical 4

AIM : Humidity Sensors

const int analogIn = A0;

int humiditysensorOutput = 0;
// Defining Variables
int RawValue= 0;
double Voltage = 0;
double tempC = 0;
double tempF = 0;

void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(A1, INPUT);
}

void loop(){

RawValue = analogRead(analogIn);
Voltage = (RawValue / 1023.0) * 5000; // 5000 to get millivots.
tempC = (Voltage-500) * 0.1; // 500 is the offset
tempF = (tempC * 1.8) + 32; // convert to F
Serial.print("Raw Value = " );
Serial.print(RawValue);
Serial.print("\t milli volts = ");
Serial.print(Voltage,0); //
Serial.print("\t Temperature in C = ");
Serial.print(tempC,1);
Serial.print("\t Temperature in F = ");
Serial.println(tempF,1);
humiditysensorOutput = analogRead(A1);
Serial.print("Humidity: "); // Printing out Humidity Percentage
Serial.print(map(humiditysensorOutput, 0, 1023, 10, 70));
Serial.println("%");

delay(5000); //iterate every 5 seconds

OUTPUT :
 Practical 5
Aim:- program using light tracking sensor

Code:- int distance = 0;

int red = 4;

int blue = 5;

int green = 6;

long readUltrasonicDistance(int triggerPin, int echoPin)

pinMode(triggerPin, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

return pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

void setup()

{
 pinMode(4, OUTPUT);

pinMode(5, OUTPUT);

pinMode(6, OUTPUT);

void loop()

distance = 0.01723 * readUltrasonicDistance(10, 11);

if(distance >=200)

digitalWrite(red, HIGH);

digitalWrite(blue, LOW);

digitalWrite(green, LOW);

delay(2000);

if(distance > 100 && distance < 200)

digitalWrite(red, LOW);

digitalWrite(blue, HIGH);

digitalWrite(green, LOW);

delay(2000);

if(distance <= 100)

digitalWrite(red, LOW);

digitalWrite(blue, LOW);

digitalWrite(green, HIGH);
 delay(2000);

OUTPUT:

Practical 6

Aim:- program using light tracking sensor

Code:- int distance = 0;

int red = 4;

int blue = 5;
int green = 6;

long readUltrasonicDistance(int triggerPin, int echoPin)

pinMode(triggerPin, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

return pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

void setup()

pinMode(4, OUTPUT);

pinMode(5, OUTPUT);

pinMode(6, OUTPUT);

void loop()

{
 distance = 0.01723 * readUltrasonicDistance(10, 11);

if(distance >=200)

digitalWrite(red, HIGH);

digitalWrite(blue, LOW);

digitalWrite(green, LOW);

delay(2000);

if(distance > 100 && distance < 200)

digitalWrite(red, LOW);

digitalWrite(blue, HIGH);

digitalWrite(green, LOW);

delay(2000);

if(distance <= 100)

digitalWrite(red, LOW);

digitalWrite(blue, LOW);

digitalWrite(green, HIGH);

delay(2000);

OUTPUT:
 Practical 7

AIM: Programs using digital infrared motion sensors.

CODE:

int a = 0;

int b = 0;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9400);

pinMode(13,OUTPUT);

void loop()

a = analogRead(A0);

b = map(a,0,1023,0,255);

Serial.println(b);
 if(b>100)

Serial.println("Motion Detected");

delay(100);

OUTPUT:v

Practical 8

AIM: Programs using gas sensors.

CODE:
int LED = A1;

const int gas = 0;

int MQ2pin = A0;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()

float sensorValue,MQ2pin;

sensorValue = analogRead(MQ2pin);

if(sensorValue>=470)

digitalWrite(LED,HIGH);

Serial.print(sensorValue);

Serial.println("SMOKE DETECTED");

else

digitalWrite(LED,LOW);

Serial.println("Sensor Value:");

Serial.println(sensorValue);

delay(1000);

float getsensorValue(int pin)

return(analogRead(pin));}
OUTPUT:

Practical 9
Aim: Programs using Servo motors.

Code: #include<Servo.h>

Servo servo1;

int pos= 0;

void setup ()

servo1.attach(13);

void loop()

{
for(pos=0; pos<=180; pos++)

servo1.write(pos);

delay(15);

delay(1000);

for (pos= 180; pos>=180; pos--)

servo1.write(pos);

delay(15);