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Reinforced Concrete
Structure I Introduction

Addis Ababa Science & Technology Properties of reinforced concrete:

University
College of Architecture & Civil Eng What is Concrete?
Department of Civil Engineering
Lecture-1 Concrete: -Concrete is stone like material obtained
artificially by hardening of the mixture of cement,
inert-aggregate materials (fine & course) and water
in predetermined proportions.
Instructor: Bayelign H.
(BSc in Civil Eng’g, MSc in Structural Eng’g) 2

Properties of reinforced concrete Properties of reinforced….

The material called concrete in this Lecture is made

 When these ingredients are mixed, they form a plastic
three or four basic ingredients, usually called concrete mass which can be poured in suitable moulds (forms)
making materials. These materials for concrete are: and set-on standing into hard solid mass, as a result of
Hydraulic cement, usually portland cement exothermic chemical reaction between cement and
Mineral aggregate(s) water.
 To produce a workable mix, more water is used over
Water
and above that needed for this chemical reaction.
Admixture(s) (optional)

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Properties of reinforced…. Properties of reinforced….

 Concrete has been the construction material used in In order to make this selection intelligently, the
the largest quantity for several decades. selecting person should be able to assess
 The reason for its popularity can be found in the  concrete-making materials, and should know what to
excellent technical properties of concrete as well as select, how to select it, and why to select it in a
particular way. In other words, he or she should be
in the economy of this material. familiar with the available types of each of the
 It is also characteristic that the properties of concrete concrete-making materials; the significance and
ingredients have a major influence on the fresh as application.
well as hardened concrete. Therefore, the selection of
concrete-making materials for a given purpose is
quite important. 5 6

Compressive Strength of concrete: Compressive Strength of concrete:

 A wide range of strength properties can be

obtained for concrete by appropriate adjustment of
the proportions of the constituent materials, using
different degree of the compaction and the
conditions of temperature and moisture under
which it is placed and cured.
 Water-cement ratio is the main factor affecting the
strength of concrete, as shown in the next slide.

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Compressive Strength of concrete: Compressive Strength of concrete:

 Although the load is applied uni-axially, the

 Standard test specimens of 150mm cube are taken
at the age of 28days to determine the compressive friction between the loading plate and the contact
strength of concrete according to Ethiopian faces of the test specimen has more effect on cube
standard institution (ESI). strength than the cylinder strength.
 Because of this, the cube strength gives more
 At age of 7days, concrete may attain
approximately about 2/3 of the full compressive strength than the true compressive strength of
strength of concrete. concrete, whereas, cylinder strength gives
reasonably the true compressive strength.
 In some national standard (example ACI code),
 On average, cube strength is taken as 1.25 times
cylinder specimens of 150mm diameter by 300mm
high are taken. cylinder strength.
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Tensile strength of concrete Tensile strength of concrete

 Even though concrete is weak in tension, its tensile  Two methods are used to determine tensile
strength is important in a variety of items. strength of concrete. These are :
 Shear and torsion resistance of RC members 1. Beam-test and
primarily depend on tensile strength of concrete. 2. Split-cylinder test method.
Further, the conditions under which cracks form
and propagate on tension zone of RC flexural
members depend strongly on the tensile strength of  According to EBCS-2/ES EN 1992-1-1:2015,
concrete. characteristic tensile strength of concrete is
obtained using:
fctk  0.21 (0.8 fcu )2 3
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Tensile strength of concrete Tensile strength of concrete

 Beam test method, tensile strength of concrete is  Split-cylinder test method, tensile strength of
obtained by loading plain concrete test-beam concrete is obtained by loading standard plain
laterally by two point loads at the third points of concrete cylinder along the side until the cylinder
test-beam until the tension zone of the beam splits in to two pieces. The tensile strength of
fracture. concrete is the computed by
 Tensile strength of concrete is then computed
using flexural stress formula 2P
M.c  . d .l
based on the theory of elasticity for homogeneous
I material in a bi-axial state of stress.
in terms of modulus of rupture concrete.
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Tensile strength of concrete Shrinkage and Thermal Movement

 Concrete may under go deformations and volume

 Whatever the method, it is known that, the tensile changes with out application of loading. This
strength of concrete is relatively low, and it is phenomenon may be caused by shrinkage and
about 10 to 15% of compressive strength of thermal-movement in fresh and hardened concrete.
concrete.  Shrinkage of concrete is liable to cause cracking,
but it has the beneficial effect of strengthening the
bond between the reinforcing steel and the
surrounding concrete.

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Shrinkage and Thermal Movement Shrinkage and Thermal Movement

 Shrinkage of concrete caused initially by the  Thermal shrinkage may be reduced by:
absorption of water by cement and aggregate, and  Using a mix-design with low cement content.
further by evaporation of water which rises to EBCS-2 specifies cement content not to exceed
surface as a result of capillary action.
550kg/m3 of concrete.
 During setting process the hydration of cement
causes a great deal of heat to be generated, and as  Avoiding rapid hardening & finely ground cement.
the concrete cools, further shrinkage takes place  Keeping aggregate & mixing water cool, or may be
due to thermal contraction. need to keep them under shade.
 Maintaining the temperature & evaporating water
by proper curing.
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Creep of Concrete Creep of Concrete

 Creep is the continuous deformation of a member  The effect of creep is particularly important in
under sustained compressive stress over a beams, where the increased deformations may cause
considerable length of time (under long-term
loading). It is a phenomenon associated with brittle the opening of cracks and damage of finishes.
materials (concrete is a brittle material).  To reduce creep deformation, it is necessary to
 Creep deformation depends on the stress in concrete, provide nominal reinforcement in the compression
duration of loading and water-cement ratio. zone of the beam. The nominal area of compression
 The effect of creep has to be considered in design of steel required by doubly reinforced beam is about
reinforced concrete member subjected to 0.4% of the area in compression (which may be
compressive stress mainly caused by long term taken as 0.2% of the whole area including tension
loading (dead load). zone).
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Creep of Concrete Reinforcing Steel

 Steel reinforcements are available in the form of
round bars and welded wire fabric.
 The most commonly used bars have projected ribs
on the surface of bar. Such bars are called deformed
bars. The ribs of deformed bar improve the bond
between steel and the surrounding concrete in RC
members by providing mechanical keys.

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Reinforcing Steel Reinforcing Steel

 A wide range of reinforcing bars is available with For stirrups For slabs For beams & columns
nominal diameter ranging 6mm to 35mm. Diam.
(mm) 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28
 Most bars except 6mm diameter are deformed one.
Some of the common bar size with their Area 0.28 0.50 0.785 1.13 1.54 2.01 2.52 3.14 3.8 4.9 6.2
application in concrete works are given in table (cm2)
below.
Weight 0.222 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.21 1.57 2.0 2.47 3.0 3.9 4.8
(kg/m)

Per. 1.88 2.51 3.14 3.77 4.4 5.02 5.65 6.28 6.9 7.85 8.79
(cm)

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Strength of reinforcing steel Strength of reinforcing steel

 Reinforcing steel is capable of resisting both

tension and compression.
 Compared with concrete, it is a high strength
material. For instance, the strength of ordinary
reinforcing steel is about 10 & 100 times, the
compressive & tensile strength of common
structural concrete.

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Reinforced Concrete (as a composite Reinforced Concrete (as a composite

material) material)

 It is known that plain concrete is quite strong in  In this case, plain concrete is made to resist the
compression, weak in tension. compressive stresses and reinforcing steel resists the
tensile stresses.
 On the other hand, steel is a high cost material
 Both plain concrete & reinforcing steel bar together
which able to resist both tension & compression.
assumed to act as one composite unit and it is
 The two materials (plain concrete & reinforcing termed as Reinforced concrete (RC).
steel) are best be utilized in logical combination if  The tensile stresses developed in the section are
steel bars are embedded in the plain concrete in transferred to reinforcing steel by the bond between
tension zone close to the surface. the interfaces of the two materials.

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Reinforced Concrete (as a composite Reinforced Concrete (as a composite

material) material)

 In all RC members, strength design is made on the  Reinforcing steel & concrete may work readily in combinations
assumption that concrete does not resist any due to the following reasons.
tensile stresses. 1. Bond between the bars & the surrounding concrete prevents
 All the tensile stresses are assumed to be resisted slip of the bars relative to the concrete. Adequate concrete
cover for steel bar and embedment length of bar are required to
by the reinforcing steel imbedded in tension zone.
transfer stress between steel and concrete without slipping.
 Some times if necessary, reinforcing steel is 2. Proper concrete mixes provide adequate impermeability of
provided in compression zone to assist the concrete against bar corrosion.
concrete resisting compression in addition to
3. Sufficiently similar rates of thermal expansion (0.00001/0C to
reducing creep deformation.
0.000013/0C for concrete and 0.000012/0C for steel) introduce
negligible stresses between steel and concrete under
29 temperature changes. 30

Advantages of Reinforced Concrete Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete:

 It is monolithic. This gives it more rigidity.

 It is durable. It does not deteriorate with time.  It is difficult to demolish in case of repair of
 While it is plastic, it can be moldable into any modification.
desired shape.  It is too difficult to inspect after the concrete has
 It is fire, weather and corrosion resistant. been poured.
 By proper proportioning of mix, concrete can be
made water-tight.
 Its maintenance cost is practically nil.
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Design Philosophies (Methods) Design Philosophies (Methods)

 The object of reinforced concrete design is to 3. Analysis of idealized structural model to

achieve a structure or part structure that will result determine stress-resultants (axial forces, shear
in a safe and economical solution. forces, torsions & bending moments) and their
 For a given structural system, the design problem effects (deformations).
consists of the following steps: 4. Design of structural elements (if assumed
1. Idealization of structure for analysis (dimension of dimensions are adequate).
members, support condition of structure and etc.) 5. Detailed structural drawings and schedule of
2. Estimation of loadings. reinforcing bars.

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Design Philosophies (Methods) Working Stress Design (WSD) method

 To achieve safe and economic structures, three  WSD is the oldest and simplest method of design
philosophies of design had been adopted by codes used for reinforced concrete structures.
of practices. These are:  It is based on the assumption that concrete is elastic,
1. Working Stress Design (WSD) or Elastic steel & concrete together act elastically. Also, the
Design Method stresses developed in concrete & steel are not
exceeded the respective allowable stresses any where
2. Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Method,
in the structure when structure is subjected to the
and
worst combination of service design loads.
3. Limit State Design (LSD) Method.

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Working Stress Design (WSD) method Working Stress Design (WSD) method

 The allowable stresses of materials are determined  The main drawbacks of WSD method are as follows:
dividing material strengths by a factor of safety. 1. Concrete is not elastic material. The inelastic behavior of
concrete starts right from very low stresses. The actual stress
 Safety factors specified by British standard are 3 for distribution of concrete in section can not be described by a
concrete and 1.8 for reinforcing steel. These safety triangular stress diagram.
factors are obtained from many years of practical 2. Since factor of safety is applied on the strength of materials,
experience and engineering judgment. there is no way to account for different degrees of uncertainty
 The safety factors specified by codes are assumed to associated with different types of loadings.
cover all uncertainties existing in estimations of 3. It is difficult to account for creep and shrinkage by
computations of elastic stresses.
service design loads and material strengths.
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Limit State Design (LSD) method: Limit State Design (LSD) method:

 A structure with appropriate degrees of reliability should

 Limit state design method has developed from
be able to withstand safely all possible combinations of
ultimate strength design method in order to apply
design loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life
in service load and ultimate load conditions. and it should also satisfy the serviceability requirements,
 Design of structure in limit state is made to achieve such as, limitations on deflection and cracking.
an acceptable probability that structure or part of it  Further, it should be able to maintain the required
will not become unfit for use for which it is structural integrity during and after accidents such as fires,
intended during expected life. explosions and local failure. In other words, all relevant
limit states must to be considered in design to ensure an
adequate degree of safety and serviceability.
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Limit State Design (LSD) method: Grade of Concrete:

 Concrete is graded in terms of characteristic
 These limit states which must be examined in design
compressive cube strength.
are broadly classified in to two major limit states.
 The grade of concrete to be used in design depends
These are:
on the classification of concrete works and its
1. Ultimate strength limit state (Limit state of intended use.
collapse), and  EBCS-2 specifies grades of concrete for two
2. Serviceability limit state classes of concrete works as shown below.
 Ultimate limit state: the ultimate limit state is preferred to Class Grades of concrete (MPa)
collapse. I C-5 C-15 C-20 C-25 C-30 C-40
 Serviceability limit states: deflection, cracking, vibration, C-50 C-60

durability, fatigue, fire resistance and lightning.

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Design Strength of Material in Limit State: Design Strength for Concrete

 The design strength for a given material and limit 

state is given by: 0.67 f cu

f cd 
fk c
fd 
m 0.68 f cu
where f cd 
fk -characteristic strength of materials c
m –partial safety factor for materials

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Design Strength for Concrete Design Strength of Material in Limit State:

f ctk  Idealized Stress-Strain Diagrams: For design purpose, most codes adopt
 f ctd  idealized stress-strain diagrams in predicting the ultimate strength of
c sections in plastic-theory. In EBCS-2, a parabola-rectangle stress-strain
diagram is given for concrete in compression as shown in figure below.

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Design Strength of Material in Limit State:

(ES EN 1992 1-1:2015)

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete:

 According to ESCP-2/83 and EBCS-2/95,

mean value of the secant modulus, EC is given
as shown in table below.
f cu (MPa )
C-15 C-20 C-25 C-30 C-40 C-50 C-60
Ec (GPa )
-ESCP-2/83 24 25 26 28 31 34 ---

-EBCS-2/95 26 27 29 32 35 37 39

ES EN 1992 1- C12/C15 C16/C20 C20/C25 C25/C30 C30/C37 C35/C45

1:2015
27 29 30 32 34 35
C40/C50 C45/C55 C50/C60 C55/C67 C60/C75 C70/C85 C80/C95 C90/C105
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Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete: Design Strength for Steel

 In tension and compression:

f yk
f yd 
s
Concrete, c Reinforcing Steel, s
Design Situations
Class I Class II Class I Class II

Persistent and Transient 1.50 1.65 1.15 1.20

Accidental 1.30 1.2 1.45 1.00 1.10

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Design Strength for Steel

 EBCS,2: also idealized the stress-strain diagram for steel with ultimate
strain of 0.01 as shown in figure below. It is a portion of stress-strain
diagram of steel. The maximum strain of steel, permitted by code assumed
to limit width of concrete crack in tension zone to acceptable limit.

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