Manual Data Collection

Required GPA in SSC & HSC for studying in Medical field

1)Candidate must have passed SSC/'O' Level/Equivalent Examination with Science
Section and HSC/'A' Level/Equivalent Examination with Science Section must have
Biology, Physics and Chemistry.
2) Aggregate GPA of minimum 9.00 in both SSC/ 'O' Level/Equivalent and HSC/'A'
Level/Equivalent examinations.
3) In case of non-tribal candidates from tribal and hilly districts aggregate GPA of
minimum 8.00 in both SSC/ 'O' level/equivalent and HSC/'A' level/equivalent
examinations. However, if the GPA is less than 3.50 in any single exam, you will not be
considered eligible to apply.
4) For all HSC/ 'A' level/ equivalent examination with minimum grade point 4.0 in
Biology will not be considered eligible to apply.
Best resource for Machine learning

Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables systems to

learn from data and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly
programmed. The goal is to develop algorithms that can identify patterns, make
decisions, and improve based on new data over time.

Prerequisites For Getting Started with Machine Learning

Before diving into machine learning, it's crucial to have a solid understanding of the
following foundational topics:
1. Mathematics and Statistics
A solid understanding of mathematics and statistics is crucial for developing and
interpreting machine learning models:
• Linear Algebra: Vectors, matrices, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors are
fundamental for understanding algorithms like Principal Component
Analysis (PCA).
o Vectors and matrices: Essential for representing and
manipulating data
o Eigenvalues and eigenvectors: Fundamental for algorithms
like Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
• Calculus: Derivatives and gradients are essential for optimization
techniques like gradient descent.
• Probability and Statistics: Includes concepts like probability
distributions, hypothesis testing, and statistical inference to analyze model
performance and ensure validity.
2. Programming Skills
Proficiency in programming is necessary to implement machine learning algorithms
and work with data, you can choose either, Python or R.
• Python: The most widely used language for machine learning, known for
its powerful libraries (e.g., NumPy, pandas, Scikit-learn).
• R: Popular for statistical analysis and data visualization, making it a strong
choice for data science tasks.
• SQL: Crucial for querying, managing, and retrieving data from relational
databases, often used in data preprocessing.
3. Basic Concepts for Mastering Machine Learning
Data Collection and Cleaning
• Gathering data from various sources
o Utilizing APIs, web scraping, databases, and public datasets.
o Integrating data from multiple formats such as CSV, JSON,
SQL, and Excel.
• Cleaning data to ensure quality and consistency
o Handling missing values through imputation or removal.
o Identifying and correcting data entry errors and inconsistencies.
o Standardizing data formats and structures.
o Removing duplicate entries and irrelevant data.
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
• Analyzing datasets to summarize their main characteristics
o Generating summary statistics such as mean, median, and
standard deviation
o Identifying patterns, correlations, and trends within the data.
o Detecting outliers and anomalies.
• Using visual methods for data exploration
o Creating visualizations such as histograms, scatter plots, and box
plots.
o Using tools like matplotlib, seaborn, and plotly for graphical
representation.
o Employing interactive dashboards for dynamic data exploration
Feature Engineering
• Creating New Features or Modifying Existing Ones:
o Developing New Variables: Create new variables that capture
underlying patterns in the data more effectively.
o Transforming Data: Convert raw data into more meaningful
representations to enhance model interpretability.
• Improving Model Performance:
o Feature Selection: Identify the most relevant features using
techniques like correlation analysis and recursive feature
elimination.
 o Data Transformation: Apply techniques such as normalization,
standardization, and encoding categorical variables to prepare
data for better model performance.
Machine Learning Roadmap
First Chapters - Machine Learning Beginner Level
Machine Learning Algorithms
1. Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is a primary technique for making predictions based on labeled
data:
• Regression: Includes linear regression for predicting continuous variables
and polynomial regression for modeling non-linear relationships.
• Classification: Techniques like logistic regression, decision trees, random
forests, and support vector machines (SVMs) are used for categorical
outcomes.
2. Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning involves finding hidden patterns in unlabeled data:
• Clustering: Methods like k-means, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN
group similar data points.
• Dimensionality Reduction: Techniques such as PCA and t-SNE simplify
data while preserving important features.
• Anomaly Detection: Identifies outliers or unusual patterns in data, useful
for fraud detection and network security.
3. Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning focuses on training agents to make decisions through trial and
error:
• Basic Concepts: Understanding agents, environments, rewards, and
policies.
• Algorithms: Study Q-learning, SARSA, and deep reinforcement learning
techniques like deep Q-networks (DQN).
• Applications: Includes game playing, robotics, and autonomous systems.
Semi-Supervised Learning
• Combining labeled and unlabeled data to improve learning
Second Chapter: Machine Learning Intermediate Level
Model Selection
Selecting the Most Appropriate Model:
• Problem Type: Choose models based on the nature of the task, such as
regression, classification, clustering, or others.
• Feature Characteristics: Evaluate the types of features (categorical,
numerical) and their relationships to guide model selection.
 • Business Objectives: Ensure the chosen model aligns with business goals
and constraints, such as accuracy needs, interpretability, or resource
limitations.
Model Evaluation and Tuning
Dealing with Imbalanced Datasets
Handling imbalanced datasets is crucial for building robust models:
• Resampling Techniques: Use methods like oversampling the minority
class or under sampling the majority class to balance the dataset.
• Synthetic Data Generation: Employ techniques like SMOTE (Synthetic
Minority Over-sampling Technique) to generate synthetic samples.
Hyperparameter Tuning
Optimizing Model Performance:
• Identifying Key Hyperparameters: Determine which hyperparameters,
such as learning rate or number of layers, have the most impact on model
performance.
• Refining Hyperparameters: Continuously adjust hyperparameter values
to improve model accuracy and efficiency.
• Optimization Methods:
o Grid Search: Performs an exhaustive search over a predefined
set of hyperparameter values.
• Random Search : Samples hyperparameter values randomly from specified
distributions, often making it more efficient than grid search.
Model Evaluation
Evaluating model performance is essential for assessing effectiveness and
robustness:
• Cross-Validation: Use techniques like k-fold cross-validation to evaluate
the model’s generalizability and robustness across different data subsets.
• Train-Test Split: Split data into training and testing sets to validate model
performance on unseen data.
Evaluation Metrics
Metrics are used to assess the performance of classification models:
• Precision: Measures the accuracy of positive predictions, calculated as the
ratio of true positives to the sum of true positives and false positives. It
indicates how many of the predicted positive instances are actually correct.
• Recall: Measures the model’s ability to capture all positive instances,
calculated as the ratio of true positives to the sum of true positives and
false negatives.
• F1-Score: The harmonic mean of precision and recall, providing a
balanced measure of performance.
• ROC-AUC: The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve,
indicating the model's ability to distinguish between classes.
Third Chapter: Machine Learning Advanced Level
1. Deep Learning
Deep learning utilizes neural networks with many layers to model complex patterns:
• Neural Networks: Learn about architectures such as feedforward neural
networks, activation functions (ReLU, sigmoid), and backpropagation.
• Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): Specialized for image
processing tasks, involving convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully
connected layers.
• Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): Suitable for sequential data, with
variants like LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) and GRU (Gated
Recurrent Unit) for handling long-term dependencies.
2. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
NLP focuses on processing and understanding human language:
• Text Processing: Techniques like tokenization, stemming, and
lemmatization prepare text data for analysis.
• Embeddings: Learn about Word2Vec, GloVe, and contextual embeddings
like BERT and GPT for representing text.
• Applications: Includes sentiment analysis, machine translation, and
chatbots.
3. Computer Vision
Computer Vision focuses on enabling machines to interpret and understand visual
information from the world:
• Image Processing Techniques:
o Techniques such as normalization, resizing, and data
augmentation are used to prepare images for model training and
improve model performance.
• Advanced Architectures:
o Real-time object detection systems utilize advanced
architectures.
o Residual blocks are introduced to train very deep networks
without the vanishing gradient problem.
o Specialized architectures are used for tasks like biomedical
image segmentation.
• Applications:
o Object detection, image classification, image segmentation, and
facial recognition are common use cases of computer vision.
Machine Learning Projects
Working on real-world projects is essential for applying theoretical knowledge
effectively:
• Beginner Projects:
 oPredict housing prices using regression models.
o Classify handwritten digits using basic machine learning
algorithms.
o Analyze simple datasets to uncover insights and trends.
• Intermediate Projects:
o Build a recommendation system for e-commerce or media
platforms.
o Perform sentiment analysis on social media data to gauge public
opinion.
o Implement image classification using deep learning techniques.
• Advanced Projects:
o Develop autonomous driving algorithms for self-driving cars.
o Create real-time language translation systems using advanced
NLP models.
o Design and train generative adversarial networks (GANs) for
complex data generation tasks.

1)Here is the yourtube resources link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZtZ15uFzto&list=PLKdU0fuY4OFfWY36nDJDlI
26jXwInSm8f (In bangla language )
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGwO_UgTS7I&list=PLoROMvodv4rMiGQp3WX
ShtMGgzqpfVfbU (Stamford University)

Best University for Aviation in Bangladesh :

Top aviation university in Bangladesh
1. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Aviation and Aerospace
University (BSMRAAU)
2. Military Institute of Science & Technology (MIST)

How do Bangladeshi grades translate to international grading systems

The particular grading system that the Bangladeshi institution uses and the specifications of the
foreign institution or organization determine how to translate Bangladeshi grades to international
grading systems. An outline of common conversions and important factors is provided below:
A GPA scale of 5.0 is used by the Bangladeshi Grading System (SSC/HSC or University) for
both the Secondary School Certificate and the Higher Secondary Certificate.
5.0 = A+ (80-100%)
4.0-4.9 = A (70-79%)
3.5-3.9 = A- (60-69%)
3.0-3.4 = B (50-59%)
2.0-2.9 = C (40-49%)
1.0-1.9 = D (33-39%)
Below 1.0 = F (Fail)
University (Undergraduate/Postgraduate) often uses a CGPA scale of 4.0:
4.0 = A+ (80-100%)
3.75-3.99 = A (75-79%)
3.5-3.74 = A- (70-74%)
3.25-3.49 = B+ (65-69%)
3.0-3.24 = B (60-64%)
2.75-2.99 = B- (55-59%)
2.5-2.74 = C+ (50-54%)
2.25-2.49 = C (45-49%)
Below 2.0 = F (Fail)
International Conversions
1. US Grading System
Bangladeshi SSC/HSC GPA (5.0 scale) and University CGPA (4.0 scale) can translate roughly
as follows:
A+ (4.0/5.0) → A or A+ (90-100%, GPA 4.0)
A (3.75-4.99/5.0) → A- (80-89%, GPA 3.7-3.9)
B (3.0-3.49/5.0) → B (70-79%, GPA 3.0-3.3)
2. UK Grading System
Bangladeshi grades can align with UK classifications:
A+ (80-100%) → First Class (70%+)
A (70-79%) → Upper Second Class (2:1) (60-69%)
B (60-69%) → Lower Second Class (2:2) (50-59%)
C (40-59%) → Third Class (40-49%)
3. European
The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System uses grades like A, B, C, D, and E:
A+ (80-100%) → A
A (70-79%) → B
B (60-69%) → C
C (50-59%) → D
D (40-49%) → E
4. Canadian Grading System
A+ (4.0/5.0) → A (85-100%)
A (3.75-4.99/5.0) → A- or B+ (75-84%)
B (3.0-3.49/5.0) → B or C+ (65-74%)
Institution-Specific Policies: A lot of foreign institutions and organizations assess foreign
credentials using their own techniques. For credential review, some people rely on agencies like
WES (World Education agencies).
Normalization of GPA: The conversion process could entail adjusting to the scale used in the
destination nation. This could entail tighter grading guidelines or accounting for grade inflation.
Course-Level Adjustments: Higher weighted subjects or courses may have varying effects on
GPA.
Effects of university grades on future job prospects

University grades can significantly impact your future job prospects, but the extent of their
influence varies based on factors such as industry, country, and the stage of your career. Here's a
breakdown of the effects of university grades on career opportunities:

1. Early Career Impact

→For recent graduates with little work experience, grades are frequently used as an initial
screening technique by employers.
→Strong academic aptitude, discipline, and learning capacity are indicated by high GPAs,
particularly in cutthroat fields like academia, consulting, banking, and law.
→A minimum GPA is frequently required for prestigious internships. Getting them can help
your professional possibilities in the long run and strengthen your resume.
Example: Many multinational companies (e.g., Unilever, PwC) require a minimum CGPA of
3.0-3.5 on a 4.0 scale or equivalent for entry-level roles.

2. Long-Term Career Impact

→Grades usually become less important as you get more work experience. Academic records are
not as important to employers as abilities, accomplishments, and job success.
→Grades and academic accomplishments during your career are highly valued in some sectors,
such as academics and research.

3. Industry-Specific Impact

→To pursue research positions or further degrees, one must have strong academic credentials
and grades.
→Grades frequently hold significance throughout your professional life, particularly for
positions in cutthroat organizations or businesses.
→Even after a few years of experience, top companies frequently give preference to applicants
with excellent GPAs.
→Portfolios and practical work are typically valued more highly than grades in creative fields
(such as writing, design, and the arts).
→Certifications, talents, and practical experience are valued more in trades and technical
positions than academic credentials.

4. Graduate and Professional School Admission

→For pursuing an MBA, MS, or PhD, grades play a significant role in admissions decisions
alongside other factors like test scores (e.g., GMAT, GRE) and professional achievements.

→High grades are often necessary for securing scholarships, grants, or assistantships.
5. Global Considerations

→ GPA is important in several nations, including as the US and Canada, particularly for
competitive positions. Others, like regions of Europe, might place greater value on qualifications
or real-world experience.
→In certain areas, employers could be more understanding of mediocre grades if you show
promise or great abilities.

how are the grades for board exams (SSC&HSC) calculated

In Bangladesh, the Grade Point Average (GPA) system is used to determine the results of the
Secondary School Certificate (SSC) and Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) board exams.
Letter grades (A+, A, etc.) given to each subject marks serve as the basis for the computation,
which is subsequently translated into grade points.

1. Grading System

The grades for SSC and HSC are assigned according to the following table:

Marks Range (%) Letter Grade Grade Point (GP)

80-100 A+ 5.0

70-79 A 4.0

60-69 A- 3.5

50-59 B 3.0

40-49 C 2.0

33-39 D 1.0

Below 33 F (Fail) 0.0

2. Subject-Wise Grade Calculation

For each subject:

1. The total marks are calculated based on the combined scores from written exams,
practical exams, and oral exams (if applicable).
2. The percentage of total marks determines the Letter Grade (LG) and corresponding Grade
Point (GP).

3. Calculating GPA
The overall GPA is calculated by averaging the Grade Points of all subjects, using the following
steps:

Step 1: Add up the Grade Points for all subjects.

• For example, if a student takes 7 subjects and scores the following:

o Bangla: A+ (GP = 5.0)
o English: A (GP = 4.0)
o Math: A+ (GP = 5.0)
o Physics: A (GP = 4.0)
o Chemistry: A- (GP = 3.5)
o Biology: B (GP = 3.0)
o ICT: A+ (GP = 5.0)

The total grade points = 5.0+4.0+5.0+4.0+3.5+3.0+5.0=29.55.0 + 4.0 + 5.0 + 4.0 + 3.5 + 3.0 +
5.0 = 29.55.0+4.0+5.0+4.0+3.5+3.0+5.0=29.5.

Step 2: Divide the total Grade Points by the number of subjects.

GPA=Total Grade PointsNumber of Subjects\text{GPA} = \frac{\text{Total Grade

Points}}{\text{Number of Subjects}}GPA=Number of SubjectsTotal Grade Points

In this case:

GPA=29.57=4.21\text{GPA} = \frac{29.5}{7} = 4.21GPA=729.5=4.21

Notes:

Optional Subjects (4th subject):

If the student has an optional subject (e.g., higher mathematics), its grade point is included only if it
benefits the student.

The additional grade point (above 2.0) is added to the total GPA without counting the subject in the
divisor.

Example with Optional Subject:

Optional subject GP = 5.0 (A+).

After deducting 2.0 (base GP for optional subjects), the extra 5.0−2.0=3.05.0 - 2.0 =
3.05.0−2.0=3.0 is added to the total GPA.

4. Special Cases
Failing in Any Subject:

If a student fails (scores below 33%) in one or more subjects, the overall GPA is 0.0,
regardless of grades in other subjects.
 SSC and HSC Combined GPA:

For university admissions, some institutions calculate a combined GPA by adding the
GPAs of SSC and HSC results or using a weighted system.

Example Calculation

Imagine a student has the following grades:

Subject Marks (%) Letter Grade Grade Point

Bangla 85 A+ 5.0

English 75 A 4.0

Mathematics 90 A+ 5.0

Physics 70 A 4.0

Chemistry 65 A- 3.5

Biology 55 B 3.0

ICT (Optional) 88 A+ 5.0

1. Total Grade Points (without optional) = 5.0+4.0+5.0+4.0+3.5+3.0=24.55.0 + 4.0 + 5.0 + 4.0 +

3.5 + 3.0 = 24.55.0+4.0+5.0+4.0+3.5+3.0=24.5.
2. GPA = 24.56=4.08\frac{24.5}{6} = 4.08624.5=4.08 (before adding optional).
3. Adding optional bonus = 4.08+(5.0−2.0)=4.08+3.0=4.384.08 + (5.0 - 2.0) = 4.08 + 3.0 =
4.384.08+(5.0−2.0)=4.08+3.0=4.38.

Final GPA = 4.38.

Can i request a re-evaluation of my exam paper and if yes, how

While many have succeeded, many have not achieved the expected outcomes. There are ways to
examine the results or question the board if you have doubts about the findings of a certain topic.
If you would want, you can contest the board's findings. Since many of you might not be familiar
with the specifics of SSC test result inspection, we will talk about the process of reexamining
SSC exam results today.
SSC Board Challenge Application Process
Account re-evaluation is usually done through mobile messaging. There is nothing else the
board will do that you have to accept. To apply for the re-evaluation, go to the message
option of mobile and type SSC then the first three letters of your board name with space,
then your roll number with space then enter the subject code and send it to 16222.
Example: SSC RAJ 1011101 101 Send 16222

In this case, a fee of Tk 120 will be applicable for each issue and the message service
charge will be charged at Tk 2.37.

In return, SMS will be given a pin code message stating how much money will be deducted
as application fee. If you agree, you should do the second message in the rule below.

Then go to the message option of mobile and type SSC then YES with space and then pin
number with space then send your mobile number with space and send it to 16222.

Example: SSC YES 123456 0181000000 Send 16222

Then you save the return massage.

If you think you can apply for multiple subjects in the same SMS then you can apply. In this
case, the subject code should be written one by one with comma.

First Message – Example: RSC RAJ 1011101 101,107,103 SEND 16222

Second Message – Example: RSC YES 123456 0181000000 SEND 16222

In this case, the fees for each subject will be deducted at the same time.

HSC/Alim Board Challenge Application System

Account re-evaluation is usually done through mobile messaging. There is nothing else the
board will do that you have to accept. To apply for re-evaluation, go to the message option
of mobile and enter HSC then the first three letters of your board name with space, then
your roll number with space then write the subject code and send it to 16222. At number
one

Example: HSC RAJ 1011101 101 Send 16222

In this case, a fee of Tk 120 will be applicable for each issue and the message service
charge will be charged at Tk 2.37.In return, SMS will be given a pin code message stating
how much money will be deducted as application fee. If you agree, you should do the
second message in the rule below.
Then go to the message option of mobile and type HSC then YES with space and then pin
number with space then send your mobile number with space and send it to 16222.

Example: HSC YES 123456 0181000000 Send 16222

Then you save the return massage.

If you think you can apply for multiple subjects in the same SMS then you can apply. In this
case, the subject code should be written one by one with commas.

First Message – Example: HSC RAJ 1011101 101,102,103 SEND 16222

Second Message- Example: HSC YES 123456 0181000000 SEND 16222

In this case, the fees for each subject will be deducted at the same time.

You can check the further notice from this Dhaka Education board website and the link is
given below –

https://dhakaeducationboard.gov.bd/site

What is the deadline of applying for rechecking of exam papers in a board exam-

You can check the deadline by visiting this website

https://dhakaeducationboard.gov.bd/site

Are extracurricular activities considered along with grades for university admissions

Academic performance, including SSC and HSC grades (or similar exams) and admission test
results, is the main consideration for university admissions in Bangladesh. Most public and
private universities do not place much emphasis on extracurricular activities. There are certain
exceptions, though:
1)AIUB (American International University Of Bangladesh )

https://www.aiub.edu/admission/scholarships

2)Daffodil International University

https://daffodilvarsity.edu.bd/public/dept/te/scholarship/diu-scholarship