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Lecture 1forprobability

The document explains the basic concepts of probability, including definitions of events, sample spaces, and calculations of probabilities for various scenarios. It provides examples involving dice rolls, gender probabilities, and card draws, illustrating both independent and dependent events. Additionally, it includes exercises for practice on calculating probabilities.

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rakibmollik2015
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6 views5 pages

Lecture 1forprobability

The document explains the basic concepts of probability, including definitions of events, sample spaces, and calculations of probabilities for various scenarios. It provides examples involving dice rolls, gender probabilities, and card draws, illustrating both independent and dependent events. Additionally, it includes exercises for practice on calculating probabilities.

Uploaded by

rakibmollik2015
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability

If an event can happen in A ways and fail to happen in B ways and each
𝐴
of this ways is equally likely, the probability of its happening is and
𝐴+𝐵
𝐵
that of its failing to happen is .
𝐴+𝐵

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔


Therefore, Probability=
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒍𝒊𝒌𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔

Basic Concepts of Probability:

➢ An event is any collections or outcomes of a procedure.


➢ A Simple Event is an outcome or an event that cannot be
further broken down into simpler components.
➢ The sample space for a procedure consists of all possible simple
events.
Example 1: In a fair sample of the population 1500 male and 1400
female babies were reported. What is the probability of a child being
born as a female?
Solution: Number of favorable cases=1400
Total number of cases=1400+1500=2900
1400 14
Therefore, Probability= =
2900 29

Example 2: Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is
a) Equal to 1

b) equal to 4

c) less than 13

Solution: The sample space S of two dice is shown below.


S = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6) (2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6) ,
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6) (4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6) ,
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6) (6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)}
The total outcome is 36.
a) There are no outcomes which correspond to a sum equal to 1.
0
Therefore, the probability is= =0
36

b) Three possible outcomes give a sum equal to 4.

Let, E = {(1,3),(2,2),(3,1)}
3 1
Therefore, the probability is= =
36 12

c) All possible outcomes, E = S, give a sum less than 13.


36
Therefore, the probability is= =1
36

Example 3: A dice is rolled and a coin is tossed, find the probability that
the die shows an odd number and the coin shows a head.
Solution: The sample space S is,
S = { (1,H),(2,H),(3,H),(4,H),(5,H),(6,H),
(1,T),(2,T),(3,T),(4,T),(5,T),(6,T)}
Let E be the event . E={(1,H),(3,H),(5,H)}
3 1
Therefore, the probability is= =
12 4

Example 4: A class consists of 80 students. 10 of them are girls and 70


boys. 45 of them are rich and remaining poor. 20 of them are fair
complexioned. What is the probability of selecting a fair complexioned
rich girl?
Solution:
20 1
Probability of selecting a fair complexioned person= =
80 4
45 9
Probability of selecting a rich person= =
80 16
10 1
Probability of selecting a girl= =
80 8

Therefore, Probability of selecting a fair complexioned rich girl


1 9 1 9
= × × =
4 16 8 512
Independent and Dependent Events:
Independent Event: When multiple events occur, if the outcome of one
event “DOES NOT” affects the outcome of the other events, they are
called independent events.
Say, a die is rolled twice. The outcome of the first roll doesn’t affect the
second outcome. These two are independent events.
Dependent Event: When two events occur, if the outcome of one event
affects the outcome of the other, they are called dependent events.
Example 1: Consider a packet contains 4 blue, 2 red and 3 black pens. If
a pen is drawn at random from the packet, replaced and the process
repeated 2 more times, what is the probability of drawing 2 blue pens
and 1 black pen?
Solution: Here, total number of pens = 9
4
Probability of drawing 1 blue pen=
9
4
Probability of drawing another blue pen=
9
3 1
Probability of drawing 1 black pen= =
9 3

Therefore, probability of drawing 2 blue pens and 1 black pen


4 4 1 16
= × × =
9 9 3 243
Example 2: Consider a packet contains 4 blue, 2 red and 3 black pens. If
a pen is drawn at random from the packet, not replaced and then another
pen is drawn, what is the probability of drawing 2 blue pens and 1 black
pen?
Solution: Here, total number of pens = 9
4
Probability of drawing 1 blue pen=
9

After drawing one pen, the number of pens are 8.


3
Probability of drawing another blue pen=
8

After drawing two pens, the number of pens are 7.


3
Probability of drawing 1 black pen=
7

Therefore, probability of drawing 2 blue pens and 1 black pen


4 3 3 36 1
= × × = =
9 8 7 504 14
Example 3: What is the probability of drawing a king and a queen
consecutively from a deck of 52 cards, without replacement?
Solution: Here, total number of cards = 52
4 1
Probability of drawing a king= =
52 13

After drawing one card, the number of cards are 51.


4
Probability of drawing a queen=
51
Therefore, probability of drawing a king and a queen
1 4 4
= × =
13 51 663
Exercise

1. Two coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads are
obtained.
2. A bag contains 30 white and 90 red balls. A ball is drawn at
random. What is the probability that it is white?
3. A box contains 4 Kitkats and 4 Dark Chocolates. Raju eats 3 of
them, by randomly choosing. What is the probability of choosing 2
Kitkats and 1Dark Chocolate?
4. What is the probability of drawing a king and a queen
consecutively from a deck of 52 cards, with replacement?
5. A bag contains 8 green and 10 white balls. Two drawings of 2 balls
are made such that, the balls are not replaced before the second
trial. Find the probability that the first drawing will give 2 green
and the second 2 white balls.

THANK YOU
STAY SAFE

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