Virtual Machine (VM):
A VM is an emulation of a physical computer. It runs its own operating system
(called the guest OS) but shares resources from the host machine, such as CPU,
memory, and storage.
Hypervisor:
A hypervisor is a software layer that allows you to run VMs on a physical host
machine. There are two types:
Type 1 (bare-metal) hypervisor: Runs directly on the host hardware (e.g., KVM,
Xen).
Type 2 (hosted) hypervisor: Runs on top of a host operating system (e.g.,
VirtualBox, VMware Workstation).
Guest OS:
The operating system installed on the virtual machine is called the guest OS (e.g.,
Ubuntu, Windows, etc.).
Host OS:
The operating system running on the physical machine is the host OS. It provides
resources to the VMs running on it.
Troubleshooting is the process of identifying, diagnosing, and resolving issues in
a system, device, or process.
Key Steps in Troubleshooting:
Identification of the Problem:
Symptoms: Recognize the issue through errors or malfunctions.
Reproduction: Try to replicate the issue to understand it better.
Diagnosis:
Investigate: Analyze logs, settings, hardware, and software.
Hypothesis: Identify potential causes.
Narrowing Down: Eliminate possible causes.
Solution Implementation:
Fixing: Apply the necessary fixes (configuration changes, updates, etc.).
Testing: Ensure the fix resolves the issue.
Prevention:
Learn: Identify the root cause to prevent future issues.
Document: Record solutions for future reference.
Example:
Issue: Wi-Fi not connecting.
Solution: Restart router, update drivers, or reset network settings. Test and
verify the fix.
systemctl is a command-line tool used to manage services and the system in Linux.
It interacts with systemd, the system and service manager.
journalctl is a command-line utility used to view and manage logs in Linux systems
that use systemd as the init system. It allows users to query and display messages
from the systemd journal, which contains logs from various system services,
applications, and the kernel.
1. apt install sudo # Install sudo package
2. su # Switch to superuser (root)
3. sudo apt update # Update package lists
4. sudo ip a # Display IP address details
5. sudo ip r # Display routing table
6. sudo nano /etc/netplan/01-Network-manager-all.yaml # Edit network
configuration file
7. sudo netplan apply # Apply network configuration changes
8. network: # YAML structure for network configuration (probably part of a config
file)
9. sudo hostname --fqdn # Show fully qualified domain name
10. sudo hostnamectl set-hostname cloud6345 # Set the hostname
11. sudo apt install bridge-utils # Install bridge-utils for network bridging
12. sudo apt install ntp # Install Network Time Protocol
13. sudo apt install openjdk-11-jdk # Install Java Development Kit
14. sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cloudstack.list # Edit Cloudstack
repository list
15. sudo apt install sl # Install a silly command (Steam Locomotive)
16. sudo apt install cloudstack-management -y # Install CloudStack management
package
17. sudo systemctl restart mysql # Restart MySQL service
18. sudo cloudstack-setup-databases cloud:harsh123@localhost --deploy-as=root #
Set up CloudStack databases
19. sudo mkdir -p /export/primary /export/secondary # Create directories for
export
20. sudo echo "/export *(rw,async,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check)" | sudo tee -
a /etc/exports # Configure NFS exports
21. sudo exportfs -a # Export NFS shares
22. sudo service nfs-kernel-server restart # Restart NFS server
23. sudo systemctl enable cloudstack-management # Enable CloudStack management
service at boot
24. sudo systemctl restart cloudstack-management # Restart CloudStack management
service
25. sudo systemctl status cloudstack-management # Check CloudStack management
service status
26. sudo systemctl status apache2 # Check Apache service status
27. sudo systemctl restart apache2 # Restart Apache service
28. dpkg -l | grep apache2 # List installed Apache packages
29. sudo journalctl -u apache2 --no-pager | tail -50 # View Apache logs
30. sudo journalctl -u cloudstack-management --no-pager | tail -50 # View
CloudStack logs
31. sudo cat /var/log/mysql/error.log | tail -50 # View MySQL error logs
32. sudo apt install cloudstack-agent # Install CloudStack agent
33. sudo systemctl restart cloudstack-management apache2 mysql # Restart
CloudStack, Apache, and MySQL services
34. sudo apt install chrony # Install Chrony for NTP
35. sudo systemctl enable ntp # Enable NTP service
36. sudo systemctl start ntp # Start NTP service
37. sudo systemctl status ntp # Check NTP service status
38. sudo systemctl restart nfs-server rpcbind # Restart NFS and RPC services
39. sudo mount /mnt/primary # Mount primary directory
40. sudo mount /mnt/secondary # Mount secondary directory
41. sudo ufw disable # Disable Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW)
42. sudo systemctl enable cloudstack-management # Enable CloudStack management
service at boot
43. sudo nano /etc/hosts # Edit hosts file
44. sudo apt-get install ntp bridge-utils openssh-server -y # Install additional
packages (NTP, bridge-utils, SSH)
45. cloudstack-setup-management # Set up CloudStack management
46. sudo systemctl status tomcat9 # Check Tomcat service status
47. sudo systemctl start tomcat9 # Start Tomcat service
48. sudo systemctl enable tomcat9 # Enable Tomcat service at boot
49. http://192.168.109.128:8080/ # Access CloudStack interface
50. ls /var/lib/tomcat9/webapps/ # List Tomcat web applications
51. cd # Change directory
