2016년 2학기

광전자공학
Lecture Note #5

담당교수 : 한 상 국
Optical Fibers
 Step index (SI) Fiber (2D Cylindrical Optical Waveguide)

n1  n2
  , cylindrica l dielectric waveguid e (silica glass)
n1
   1 (weakly guiding) for single mode operation

 Meridional & Skew ray

 Meridional ray - TE/TM , cross the axis
 Skew ray - Hybrid modes (E z , H z exist)

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab
Modes in SI fibers
 TElm , TM lm , HElm , HM lm  approximated by LPlm modes
where l in r direction , m in  direction
meridional skew

ELP  Elm (r ,  )e j (t  lm z )

fundamenta l mode (l  0 , m  1) , LP01

m : # of maxima along r starting from the center ,
 associated with reflection angle 


2l : # of maxima around circumfere nce , extent of
 helical propagatio n

 many different modes generate modal dispersion

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab
Single mode fiber & mode determination
2 a N 2  n2
2

 V

n1  n2
2 2
, b 2
n1  n2
2

 To avoid modal despersion , V is less than 2.405

 Single mode fiber : small  , small a (~ 5m)
 Number of modes M  V 2 / 2
 Thick cladding (~ 130 m) to prevant t he optical leakage
due to weakly guiding nature of SMF

 Mode index
kn2 (b  0)    kn1 (b  1)  determined by V - b curves

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab
 Numerical aperture
Outside incident angle  needs to be less than  max which correspond s to c
n2
n0 sin  max  n1 sin( 90 0   c ) ,  c  sin 1
n1
n1  n2
2 2

sin  max 
n0
NA  n1  n2 , sin  max  NA n0  meridional ray
2 2

For skew ray, wider acceptance angle

overlap integral of power profile

 Power coupling
f1 (fiber mode)

f2 (optical source)
Max. overlap  Max. power coupling

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab
Dispersion in SMF
 Material dispersion
n
 n( ) & nonperfect monochroma tic optical source

 different  g , N g  n   dn
d
 N g is constant at 1.3 m
    d 2 n  ps
  Dm  , Dm   ( )
L c  d2  Km  nm
Dm is negative before 1.27 m
d
 Group delay  g  
L
 1
 g  d  function of 

 Wavelength dispersion

  g dependance on V( )
 1.984 N g 2
  DW  , DW 
(2a ) 2 2cn2
2
L

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab
 Chromatic dispersion (due to input source  )
= material + waveguide dispersion

 Dm  DW  , zero at 1.3 m
L
 Dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) = zero dispersion is shifted by varying waveguide geometry

 Profile dispersion
 ( )  (n1  n2 )
n1
 negligible in chromatic dispersion

 Polarization dispersion
 anisotropi c fiber , birefringe nce
 Energy interchang e between two modes
 Proportion al to L2

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab
 Dispersion controlled fiber
dispersion shifted fibers : waveguide geometry variation , 1.31.55㎛
dispersion flattened fibers : R.I. profile variation, wide range low chromatic dispersion

 Wavelength division multiplexi ng (WDM) applicatio n

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab