2016년 2학기

광전자 공학
Lecture note # 2

담당교수 : 한 상 국
Snell’s Law & TIR
 Refraction
 Let t is time from B to B’
BB ' AA'
 AB '  
sin  i sin  t
 where BB '   p1t , AA'   p 2t
sin  i  p1 n2
   , n1 sin i n 2 sin t
sin  t  p 2 n1

 Reflection
 Wavefront AB  A’’B’
 p1t  p1t
 TIR ( n1  n2 )  AA’’ = BB’ = 
p1t
AB '     
sin i sin  r i r
 critical angle (  c when  t  90 o )
n2
 sin  c 
n1
 when i  c , no transmitted
wave but a reflected wave (TIR)
 sin t  1 (evanescent wave)

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab
Fresnel’s Equations
 Field analysis : magnitude and phase variations in reflection and refraction
 TE(transverse electric) vs TM(transverse magnetic) waves
 Boundary condition
 Etangential & Btangential are continuous across the boundary (y=0)
n n n2
 B┴  E// , B//  E┴ , n 
c c n1
 Fresnel’s Equations (Amplitude)  Boundary condition & Snell’s law

r┴ 
Ero, ┴


cos  i  n 2  sin 2  i  1/ 2

t┴ 
Eto, ┴

2 cos  i
cos   n   
1/ 2 (TE)
Eio, ┴ i
2
 sin 2
i Eio, ┴ cos  i  n  sin  i
2 2 1/ 2

r// 
Ero, //

n 2
 sin 2  i 1/ 2
 n 2 cos  i
t // 
Eto, //

2n cos  i
Eio, // n 2
 sin 2 
i
1/ 2
 n 2 cos  i Eio, // 
n 2 cos  i  n 2  sin 2  i 1/ 2
(TM)

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab
Fresnel’s Equations
r┴ 1  t ┴ , r//  nt//  1
 complex r & t , r  r exp( j ) r = reflection magnitude
 = phase shift in reflection
 Normal incident (  i  0 o
)
n1  n2
r//  r┴ 
n1  n2
 Brewster’s angle ( B ) (TM mode)
n2
r//  0 when  i   r  tan
1
 when   0 o ,  r   t  90 0
n1
reflection vanishes
i r  n1 sin  r  n2 sin t ,  t  90 0   r
n1 
n1 sin r  n2 cosr

n2  r  tan 1 (n2 n1 )
t  useful in polarizer
YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab
Phase change in TIR
 r  r exp( j )
 when i  c ( sin   n , TIR )
c

r  1  exp( j ) for both TE & TM (same amplitude)

 1  [sin 2  i  n 2 ]1/ 2  
2
  2 1/ 2
 tan ┴   1 1
, tan //    
[sin i n ] (phase changes)
2  cos  i 2 2  n cos i
2

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab
Evanescent wave in TIR
 when i  c
Et , ┴( y, z , t )  exp(  2 y ) exp( j[t  ki sin  i z ])

2 2 1 2 
•   2n  n n 2 sin 2   1
i 1/ 2
attenuation coefficient

•   1 2 penetration depth

Reflectance & Transmittance

I  (light intensity = energy in a unit area) 2  
 1 1
E0  cn 0 E0
2 2
r 0
2
2 2
Ero, ┴ Ero, //
R//   r//
2 2
 R┴  2
 r┴ , 2  intensity change
Eio, ┴ Eio, //
2 2
n2 Eto, ┴ n  2 n E n   incident from 1 to 2
T┴    2  t ┴ , T//  2 to, //   2  t //
2
2
 n1 
2 n 
n1 Eio, ┴ n1 Eio,//  1
2
n n  4n1n2
R  R┴  R//   1 2  , T  T┴  T//   normal incidence

 1 2
n n ( n1  n2 ) 2

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab
AR(Anti-reflection) coating

 To minimize the reflection from 3 surface

 Optical path difference between A & B  destructive interference
K 2d  m , K  2 n2

 d  m  
 (quarter wavelength)
 4n2 
 Same amplitude of A & B
2 2
 n1  n2   n2  n3 
     n2  n1n3
n 
 1 2  2 3
n n  n

YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Broadband Transmission Network Lab