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DijorenHaBe lautologu and Condradic tont with exompla 608-19434 -04
xutolo Y A salentnt itall o ik Yosctbk Valuez art
hin 4hat s+ t Calld a ru
ar
Tre
lautelogy, aaimplay all posibl. valuu
thent s Celle d dahined as
Tautoloa In logica and
t tor dtaleurtu
Tru TTue Trae
Fal ye SaTrus True
Cera outeo Ms h qot are Trua ,ioi isa
lautelogy , A(b2,3,4) ter
Cond t Bn is iv;>1Eu3
Tu e tor calt Posibilites
Contradieton - for tka given shatmant.,all s soeible valu
ave talse han i's tallad as Contradicton, Sinnble &}posik to Taut-
oloy Loith ik al Outcomu falu i Callasa Cohtrodiehon.
Tu falesfalye
tnleiod , i Petibi 1ikias
Sae fala -talpe
toYhse udcora as Tau, So,it ic a Corbradithon.
and b 34) tlere (onditionis u 5a4y all autcoes ade tale
xplatn Kroerkes o a
Relaton 4 qive ekampla a
relahdn
toheh hithar uepla xive nov
ireflurie
Rulation A and B be tle no-tmpty set,iG ReArB
An R is alathion iom#o6 Kt latton na
any ppezhiey undlu

iReterive tlre )et /xe A, te lontoins mrror ime

i ratlaxiue J ahy eleunt dot'nt haue rfuiue probert,il is trehloriue

Syirnutnc Ttu,y e R-then y eR the, rPys yeu

Asyunubric -T} any ar o ahmaab dousod bave ymmafrre thun t s AKymebre
ntyenme rie uky y K* o A V(n,y) ER,oith lendibon -pAD
Tanthieed and (y,2)E Rtan o,2)ER
(,y) e k telahdn
Dagoce, ve Yahon,neea
trampa orte lation ohith i's hithar replexive nor iehloriue
1,2,3,u
R f , , (?,2),t,2), 4,4)2
o umant belongs to R Contoined mbor emaqas xeept|
+tore, 2ueuy
 ,2-,and u has miror imaqes, to, it
Dot eun fre{&ri,
Dehine ( e 9ob, iven an x exanpl o a tyetie q0u
Cyelit Grow 4 any
o-he qoups a ('ontaing closura

nvre (oneept, Cormmubtuhue

P'opevy -Auotabve proferéy ,lderntity, tort
he taltod as ablian goop,along
Propsty lbun epou
uh et nunto elongs
t boetare uneato
his
avithmahie oberaton
he 4eting all elenortt bu betomnq any
elonunti 6 than iE is nr rator)-hsn
to vblain all
Sern
fnown s yelic q*ou

(ARB)ke CA*B)o AB) EG

COSUreoperty
(A,B) EGtiin
albc)- (ab)c
4 a,be 4.
, Asuottabik4 propertyT e hae h« idenbty eamunt
ldenhby eenunt a,beG
than if t Callad os lnbty elamene
ombo sitton
tabla or G
ta, e invge
invge d any eumenti
elument
enttylemunt, bind k aoy
nvese By wsing
belenq t 6rous 6
a.b -bra
Conrutretiue propex ky
la,b} E 4,
andocaly o be etenexttor.
an eleniunthued

Cyelc qsup[,-1, -iJ t

axt-B
oa Kelation oith fxantbla
Dtcuss Variouy Propukies tmpty set R A*R tien
Aand B be te hon
RatatHon 4 A to Br Reation Conts
Contnvng tnooy pets
aKes Relationem
R
ke
A ued to haue
lount Containnq in
or veRy ekuat-
bans-haE

te in Relation qiven, if Euy

t mor images Reflorive.
is Said be a^
magtt
lontaina mi

) , ta,2), (3,3) (4i4)}

 a boue
to explai
nkoxiue v x y xEA,,-his i uikely Contain
(ontain
t 9, doeshot
-u rle nens
impl n n , it all "
rreterie
na
it is fad to be
in R, tkun
i s30 imaqt t u , )
any
g , 33
R 9J 3, 2)
ER e , uPy sy
PX,
ER hun ly, )
raqSymmetre (y) sile pair
O}potile
O}bo
paires
clemnt
tlemat ,y) Containt
((,y) Containt

ran hor. evesy

ihRgiun, ten E is Symnubic,
(y*)
A)
Rtya),toas1) e, te uPy
than y) des net belongeto
yjtR yYER
1sumie not Contain
giventn thane shoul
ctunt s
9 P o r ony
an C a l d aAyuetrè

A s3
R2), c8,2),(1,3)
where P* =x=y
I2y Rx
Antisymnutric
R Relaton o en A Thun.
i R =R"
symneme
R AR°=
asymetric if
iRis
e ant
yRoould
i A RnR
antisymnatrie
iyRooull
be

oY A -y2,3,4 l2,4,l3,4)y
, ) , I ) , b, 3),
L I 2), synmebic bropesty
arample orAnti- Gmaan
7i's ' dn han C,2J be e
e R, and y,2) ER t»be
( , y) lyya) bolonas
ond yz)
toR
Tanstlye aununtt
aununt byyJ ond
byy)
two pa ol t»E un it irall a
e hd ue belons
third pair (x2) b e
then tha
Transite. Þro þext
A 2, 3y
R CL b,3).C)3) probeky ol
.
be londud tielovane)
CiDiagonal Relaton alo Relation.
Ond hese
are p1operhey e
Ralation
6 Dehine te Heps dor Matkematcel ndue tion
and we
induchon to

u)
(un-3) e nlpn-)
t 5+9 4t
SLcesor Paprnming Mathuattallnduchion
e t Pln) be a stalenont hh belongsto hatural!
hunmbent (b) -Can

Fisty
P w e Consicles n =l, and Subshhte it tn Ke qiuen 19ua-

tion, henit setkiJiy state -aat Pl») would be true y n:l

ard
) sune hat P») is auo hue ih te aaual to k ta n=k)
atoitea tmteunt md maka it a equaton
Now adA
ra it as emaionO
ktand
2ualion to h=k+I An
t i n he abe
T n = Kt , subshtutt
i strue dor a n be
nu thve Hubothesis aj
aoe been EnoLon ag
tere9e and 3d taps
to lontlusion.
uoe ave 04suming and Comg
It 5t 9t -
-

t+ Len-3)
en-3) =n(zn-)
=n

Induthion proove

hen h

l4XI -5)
=145 + 1 t - - +
LHS 1
u ) -1) = Ix
RHS n»

is trua tor
b:l
The r u l t Shatnunt atcovdingly
e
, i=k and wribhq
Pspun hat
kl?k-1)
t 5 t 1 - - - 4k -3)
n em kI by addinq to it
hen t54 1t- dApt3J+tkar) =ktl) 2k+1)
uu
be t
be ov
or ,
t,tto þrooe
o þrooue
Asum -aE Pn) waulbe
No
No Aum
(k+1) is tyue Ptk)
tlok -) +4k+D y |

tuk-3)+(E+1)
=

+
+5 +9t
Solue 2,H'S Sid =2k2-k4k +|
2+3k+)
Qe24 a tk +|
 lk+1)+ i(k+1)

PlE)
RH by aboue taemea aga
P l k =P(k +)
The result i' true for n k +
ving it -toough Mathem
tue ov all h
by proo
ttente it s
tleh
aHe IndueBion.