RCM Harmony - Summary
RCM Harmony - Summary
RCM
Basic
Harmony
Summary
of
Lesson
1
1. Chords
are
labeled
with
Roman
numerals:
upper
case
for
major
and
augmented
chords,
and
lower
case
for
minor
and
diminished
chords.
The
symbol
+
(III+)
indicates
an
augmented
chord;
the
symbol
o
(iio)
indicates
a
diminished
chord.
2. The
four
voices
that
make
up
a
choir
are
soprano,
alto,
tenor,
and
bass.
3. Soprano
and
alto
are
written
on
the
treble
staff;
bass
and
tenor
are
written
on
the
bass
staff.
4. In
four-‐part
harmony,
one
note
must
be
doubled
in
each
chord.
5. The
root
and
the
third
must
be
present
in
every
chord.
6. The
space
between
the
soprano
and
alto,
or
between
the
alto
and
tenor,
must
not
exceed
one
octave.
7. Crossed
parts
occur
when
two
voices
exchange
position.
This
must
be
avoided.
8. As
a
rule,
avoid
leaps
of
more
than
a
4th
in
the
alto
and
tenor.
9. Voice
leading
refers
to
the
melodic
movement
of
a
part
alone
or
in
combination
with
other
parts.
10. Two
voices
in
combination
can
move
in
four
different
ways:
similar
motion,
contrary
motion,
and
oblique
motion.
11. There
are
two
types
of
melodic
motion:
conjunct
(stepwise),
and
disjunct
(leaping).
12. A
melodic
leap
of
more
than
an
octave
is
not
acceptable.
13. After
a
large
melodic
leap,
it
is
best
to
change
direction.
Stepwise
motion
in
the
opposite
direction
is
effective.
14. Augmented
intervals
written
melodically
are
considered
unacceptable.
Summary
of
Lesson
2
1. A
perfect
or
authentic
cadence
consists
of
the
chord
progression
V-‐I.
This
cadence
can
be
closed
or
semi-‐closed,
depending
upon
the
soprano.
2. The
chords
I
and
V
shared
a
common
tone.
The
easiest
way
to
connect
these
chords
is
to
keep
the
common
tone
in
the
same
voice
and
move
the
other
voice
stepwise.
3. Parallel
motion
occurs
when
two
voices
that
are
the
same
distance
apart
move
in
the
same
direction.
Parallel
unisons,
perfect
5ths,
and
perfect
octaves
are
not
allowed.
Compound
perfect
intervals
(perfect
12ths
and
perfect
15ths)
are
also
not
allowed.
4. The
easiest
way
to
connect
two
chords
is
hold
the
common
tone
and
use
stepwise
motion
for
the
other
voices.
When
this
is
not
possible,
move
each
voice
to
the
nearest
available
note
of
the
next
chord.
Be
sure
to
follow
correct
doubling
rules
and
avoid
faulty
parallels.
5. An
imperfect
or
half
cadence
occurs
when
a
phrase
ends
on
the
dominant.
Imperfect
cadences
are
open
cadences.
Summary
of
Lesson
3
1. A
pre-‐dominant
chord
is
a
chord
that
comes
before
the
dominant
chord.
2. IV
and
ii
are
excellent
choices
for
pre-‐dominant
chords.
3. There
is
no
common
tone
between
IV
and
V.
When
writing
this
progression,
move
the
three
upper
voices
in
contrary
motion
to
the
bass.
4. The
progression
ii
to
V
has
a
common
tone.
If
possible,
use
the
common-‐tone
and
stepwise
motion
in
the
other
voices
to
connect
these
chords.
If
not,
follow
general
voice
leading
rules
by
moving
each
voice
to
the
nearest
available
chord
tone.
Avoid
faulty
parallel
motion.
5. The
progressions
IV-‐V,
ii-‐V,
and
I-‐V
occurring
at
the
end
of
a
phrase
are
imperfect
cadences.
Summary
of
Lesson
4
1. The
smoothest
way
to
connect
chord
I
to
chord
IV
is
to
repeat
the
common
tone
in
the
same
voice,
and
move
the
other
voices
stepwise.
If
this
is
not
possible,
follow
general
rules
of
voice
leading;
move
to
the
nearest
available
chord
tones
and
avoid
faulty
parallels.
2. There
is
no
common
tone
between
I
and
ii.
In
this
progression,
the
three
upper
voices
move
in
contrary
motion
to
the
bass.
3. Avoid
hidden
or
direct
octaves
that
occur
between
the
bass
and
soprano
when
the
soprano
leaps
in
the
same
direction
as
the
bass
to
the
interval
of
a
5th.
4. It
is
not
permissible
for
two
voices
to
move
from
an
octave
to
an
unison,
or
to
move
from
a
unison
to
an
octave.
5. Voice
overlap
occurs
when
one
voice
crosses
over
another.
This
should
be
avoided
in
four-‐part
writing.
6. Do
not
write
melodic
augmented
intervals
or
melodic
major
7ths
in
any
voice.
Summary
of
Lesson
5
1. Chords
in
first
inversion
have
the
third
in
the
bass
and
are
symbolized
with
the
figure
“6”
(I6,
IV6,
V6,
etc.)
2. The
chord
ii6
is
a
common
pre-‐dominant
in
both
major
and
minor
keys.
3. The
smoothest
voice
leading
between
ii6
and
V
occurs
when
the
upper
notes
move
in
contrary
motion
to
the
bass.
4. IV6
can
function
as
a
pre-‐dominant.
In
the
progression
IV6
to
V,
the
root
of
IV6
may
be
doubled,
but
the
smoothest
voice
leading
occurs
when
the
fifth
of
IV6
is
doubled.
5. The
progression
IV6-‐V
is
an
imperfect
cadence.
In
minor
keys,
the
cadence
iv6-‐
V
is
a
Phrygian
cadence.
Summary
of
Lesson
6
1. The
dominant
7th
is
built
on
the
fifth
degree
of
the
scale,
and
can
take
the
place
of
V
in
the
basic
harmonic
progression
of
I-‐V-‐I.
2. One
way
to
prepare
the
seventh
of
V7
is
to
hold
it
as
a
common
tone
from
the
pre-‐dominant
chord.
3. The
seventh
of
V7
(scale
degree
4)
is
a
strong
tendency
tone,
and
usually
resolves
downward
to
scale
degree
ǯ
in
chord
I.
4. The
leading
tone
in
V7
may
resolve
by
rising
to
the
tonic.
This
progression
creates
and
incomplete
I
chord
with
three
roots
and
a
third.
The
leading
tone
may
also
resolve
down
a
third
to
the
dominant.
Summary
of
Lesson
7
1. Non-‐chord
tones
are
notes
that
are
not
part
of
the
underlying
harmony
or
chord
structure.
They
are
used
to
decorate
a
melody
and
provide
rhythmic
interest
and
motion.
2. A
passing
tone
joins
two
chord
tones
that
are
a
3rd
apart.
Two
passing
tones
may
fill
in
the
interval
of
a
4th.
A
chromatic
passing
tone
moves
by
chromatic
semitone
and
fills
in
the
space
of
a
whole
tone.
Passing
tones
are
approached
and
left
by
step
in
the
same
direction.
3. An
accented
passing
tone
is
a
passing
tone
that
falls
on
the
beat
or
strong
part
of
the
beat.
Accented
passing
tones
are
approached
and
left
by
step
in
the
same
direction.
4. An
unaccented
neighbour
tone
moves
a
step
above
or
below
a
chord
tone
and
then
returns
to
the
chord
tone.
A
neighbour
tone
occurring
on
a
strong
beat
or
strong
part
of
the
beat
is
called
an
accented
neighbour
tone.
5. Double
neighbour
tones,
or
changing
notes,
move
by
step
from
the
chord
tone,
skip
in
the
opposite
direction,
and
then
step
back
to
the
chord
tone.
6. An
incomplete
neighbour
is
an
unaccented
non-‐chord
tone
that
is
a
neighbour
to
only
one
chord
tone.
It
either
arrives
by
step
and
leaves
by
leap,
or
arrives
by
leap
and
leaves
by
step.
7.
An
échappée
is
an
unaccented
non-‐chord
tone
that
arrives
by
step
and
leaves
by
leap
in
the
opposite
direction.
Summary
of
Lesson
8
1. The
opening
tonic
of
the
progression
I-‐pre-‐dominant-‐V-‐I
is
often
prolonged
with
I6.
2. A
viio6
can
be
inserted
between
repetitions
of
I,
or
between
I
and
I6,
to
prolong
tonic
harmony.
3. The
melodic
progression
5-‐6-‐7-‐1
can
be
harmonized
with
I-‐IV-‐V-‐I.
In
this
progression,
the
inner
voices
leap
downward.
4. 5-‐6-‐7-‐1
may
also
be
harmonized
with
I-‐IV-‐vii6-‐I.
Summary
of
Lesson
10
1. Inversions
of
V7
can
be
used
to
prolong
the
tonic.
The
root
position
of
a
dominant
7th
(V7)
occurs
before
the
closing
tonic
in
a
perfect
cadence,
and
may
also
be
used
in
the
middle
of
a
phrase.
2. Inversions
of
V7
ARE
WRITTEN
AS
COMPLETE
CHORDS
WITH
THE
ROOT,
THIRD,
FIFTH,
AND
SEVENTH.
3. When
resolving
inversions
of
V7,
the
leading
tone
rises
(7-‐1)
and
the
seventh
falls
(4-‐3).
The
only
exception
to
this
is
V
-‐
I6.
4. Inversions
of
V7
can
function
as
passing
chords,
neighbour
chords,
and
incomplete
neighbour
chords
between
statements
of
I
or
I6
in
tonic
prolongation.
5. V
may
be
turned
into
a
V
with
the
addition
of
a
passing
seventh
in
the
bass.
6. The
dominant
area
of
our
basic
progression
may
be
expanded
using
V7
and
its
inversions
Summary
of
Lesson
12
1. The
pre-‐dominant
chords,
IV,
ii,
and
ii6
may
precede
vii6,
V6,
and
inversions
of
V7
in
tonic
prolongation.
2. These
progressions
may
be
joined
to
other
tonic
prolongations
to
produce
longer
progressions.
3. When
a
pre-‐dominant
chord
precedes
an
inversion
of
V7,
the
seventh
is
normally
prepared
by
keeping
the
common
tone
in
the
same
voice.
4. Use
of
the
melodic
form
of
the
minor
scale
(raised
6th
degree)
will
avoid
the
interval
of
a
melodic
augmented
2nd.
Summary
of
Lesson
14
1. A
deceptive
resolution
occurs
when
vi
acts
as
a
temporary
substitute
for
I
in
a
closing
tonic.
When
this
progression
replaces
a
perfect
cadence,
it
is
called
a
deceptive
cadence.
This
progression
rarely
occurs
at
the
end
of
a
piece.
Another
harmonic
progression
usually
follows.
2. V7
resolves
to
vi
in
much
the
same
way
that
it
resolves
to
I,
with
the
leading
tone
rising
and
the
seventh
falling.
V7
must
be
a
complete
chord
when
it
leads
to
vi.
3. The
third
of
vi
is
doubled
when
it
acts
as
a
substitute
for
I.
4. Chord
vi
can
act
as
a
pre-‐dominant.
In
this
case,
it
leads
directly
to
V.
5. In
the
progression
vi-‐V,
double
the
third
in
vi.
This
is
optional
in
major
keys,
but
is
essential
in
minor
keys.
6. Chord
iv
can
link
the
tonic
and
the
pre-‐dominant
in
a
series
of
descending
3rds
in
the
bass
(for
example,
I-‐vi-‐IV-‐V-‐I,
or
E-‐vi-‐ii6-‐V-‐I).
7. Chord
vi
may
also
act
to
link
the
tonic
and
the
pre-‐dominant
in
a
sequence
of
descending
5ths
in
major
keys
(for
example,
I-‐vi-‐ii-‐V
(7)-‐I).
8. Chord
vi
can
prolong
tonic
harmony
when
it
occurs
between
I
and
I6.
Summary
of
Lesson
18
1. Chord
iii
is
a
minor
chord
in
major
keys,
and
may
be
used
between
I
and
IV
to
support
a
descending
soprano
line
using
scale
tones
1,
7,
and
6.
2. In
minor
keys,
scale
degree
7
is
not
raised
in
chord
III,
so
as
to
avoid
a
melodic
augmented
2nd
between
raised
7
and
6.
Here,
III
is
a
major
chord.
Double
the
root
of
chord
III
in
this
progression.
3. There
are
two
common
tones
between
I
and
iii.
Keep
the
common
tones
in
the
same
voices,
and
move
the
remaining
voice
(soprano)
down
by
step.
4. There
are
no
common
tones
between
iii
and
IV.
Move
the
upper
voices
in
contrary
motion
to
the
bass
to
the
nearest
available
chord
tones.
5. The
progression
I-‐iii-‐IV
can
lead
to
dominant
harmony
followed
by
the
closing
tonic.
6. The
progression
I-‐iii-‐IV
can
be
followed
by
I
or
I6,
in
which
case
it
functions
as
a
tonic
prolongation.
Summary
of
Lesson
19
1. Chord
viio
is
a
diminished
chord
and
is
usually
used
in
first
inversion.
2. Chord
viio
can
be
used
in
root
position
in
a
sequence
consisting
of
descending
5ths:
I-‐IV-‐viio-‐iii-‐vi-‐ii-‐V-‐I.
In
this
progressions,
the
root
of
each
chord
is
doubled.
This
results
in
a
doubled
leading
tone
in
chord
viio,
which
is
acceptable
because
viio
does
not
move
to
I,
and
the
leading
tone
(7)
does
not
resolve
to
1.
3. A
sequence
is
a
repetition
of
a
melodic
or
harmonic
pattern
at
a
higher
or
lower
pitch.
4. One
common
sequence
is
the
“Pachelbel
Canon”
sequence:
I-‐V-‐vi-‐iii-‐IV-‐I.
5. The
chords
in
these
sequences
do
not
have
to
be
used
in
root
position.
Variations
using
first
inversion
chords
are
also
effective.
Summary
of
Lesson
22
1. Second
inversion
chords
are
symbolized
as
64.
2. The
bass
note
of
a
64
chord
is
always
doubled.
3. The
cadential
65
prolongs
the
dominant
at
a
cadence
by
delaying
the
notes
of
chord
V
in
the
upper
voices.
4. The
cadential
64
usually
occurs
on
a
beat
that
is
stronger
than
its
resolution.
The
exception
to
this
is
when
it
occurs
on
beat
two
in
a
triple
meter.
The
passing
64
prolongs
tonic
harmony
in
the
progression
I-‐V64-‐I6
or
I6-‐V64-‐I.
A
passing
64
may
also
prolong
the
pre-‐dominant
IV
in
the
progressions
IV-‐I64-‐I
and
V-‐I64-‐V.
5. In
a
neighbouring
64,
the
bass
remains
stationary.
Neighbouring
64
progressions
include
I-‐IV64-‐I
and
V-‐I64-‐V.
6. An
arpeggio
64
can
be
used
to
prolong
a
specific
harmony.
The
bass
moves
in
an
arpeggio
motion.
7. The
ii7
chord
and
its
inversions
are
pre-‐dominant
chords.
8. The
seventh
of
ii7
is
prepared
by
common-‐tone
motion
and
resolves
downward
by
step
to
the
dominant
harmony.
A
cadential
64
decorating
V
delays
the
resolution
of
the
seventh
of
ii7.
9. The
ii7
chord
is
most
often
used
in
the
progression
I-‐ii7-‐V
(7)-‐
I.
10. The
ii7
chord
is
often
written
as
an
incomplete
chord
with
the
fifth
omitted
and
the
root
doubled.
This
helps
to
avoid
faulty
parallels.
11. All
inversions
of
ii7
are
written
as
complete
chords
containing
root,
third,
fifth,
and
seventh.
12. I6
may
act
as
a
passing
chord
between
ii7
and
ii
65,
or
between
ii65
and
ii7,
prolonging
supertonic
harmony.