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MATH250 - Lecture Notes 03

The document discusses homogeneous linear systems, defining them as systems of equations that can be expressed in the form Ax = 0, which always has the trivial solution x = 0. It explains how to determine the existence of nontrivial solutions through row reduction and provides examples of both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous systems, illustrating their solution sets in parametric vector form. The document also outlines the process for writing solution sets of consistent systems in parametric vector form.

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paşahan Elden
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6 views41 pages

MATH250 - Lecture Notes 03

The document discusses homogeneous linear systems, defining them as systems of equations that can be expressed in the form Ax = 0, which always has the trivial solution x = 0. It explains how to determine the existence of nontrivial solutions through row reduction and provides examples of both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous systems, illustrating their solution sets in parametric vector form. The document also outlines the process for writing solution sets of consistent systems in parametric vector form.

Uploaded by

paşahan Elden
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1 Linear Equations

in Linear Algebra
1.5
SOLUTION SETS OF LINEAR
SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.


HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR SYSTEMS

 A system of linear equations is said to be


homogeneous if it can be written in the form Ax  0 ,
where A is an m  n matrix and 0 is the zero vector in
ℝ𝑚 .
 Such a system Ax  0 always has at least one
solution, namely, x  0 (the zero vector in ℝ𝑛 ).
 This zero solution is usually called the trivial
solution.
 The homogenous equation Ax = 0, the important
question is whether there exists a nontrivial solution,
that is, a nonzero vector x that satisfies Ax = 0.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 2


HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR SYSTEMS

 Example 1: Determine if the following homogeneous


system has a nontrivial solution. Then describe the
solution set. 3x  5 x  4 x  01 2 3

3 x1  2 x2  4 x3  0
6 x1  x2  8 x3  0
 Solution: Let A be the matrix of coefficients of the
system and row reduce the augmented matrix  A 0
to echelon form:

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 3


HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR SYSTEMS
 3 5 4 0   3 5 4 0   3 5 4 0 
 3 2 4 0  ~ 0 3 0 0  ~  0 3 0 0 
     
 6 1 8 0  0 9 0 0  0 0 0 0 
 Since x3 is a free variable, Ax  0 has nontrivial
solutions (one for each choice of x3.)
 Continue the row reduction of  A 0 to reduced
echelon form:  4  4
 1 0  0  x1  x3  0
3
  3
0 1 0 0
x2  0
0 0 0 0
  00
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
  Slide 1.5- 4
HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR SYSTEMS

4
 Solve for the basic variables x1 and x2 to obtain x1  x3 ,
3
x2  0 , with x3 free.
 As a vector, the general solution of Ax  0 has the form
given below.
4  4 4
 x3  3 3
 x1  3
       
x  x2   0   x3  0   x3 v , where v   0 
 
 x3   x3  1 1
     
     
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 5
HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR SYSTEMS
 Here x3 is factored out of the expression for the general
solution vector.
 This shows that every solution of Ax  0 in this case is
a scalar multiple of v.
 The trivial solution is obtained by choosing x3  0.
 Geometrically, the solution set is a line through 0 in ℝ3 .
See Fig.1 below.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 6


PARAMETRIC VECTOR FORM

 The equation of the form x  su  tv (s, t in ℝ) is


called a parametric vector equation of the plane.

 In Example 1, the equation x  x3 v (with x3 free), or


x  tv (with t in ℝ), is a parametric vector equation
of a line.

 Whenever a solution set is described explicitly with


vectors as in Example 1, we say that the solution is in
parametric vector form.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 7


SOLUTIONS OF NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS
 When a nonhomogeneous linear system has many
solutions, the general solution can be written in
parametric vector form as one vector plus an arbitrary
linear combination of vectors that satisfy the
corresponding homogeneous system.
 Example 3 : Describe all solutions ofAx  b, where

 3 5 4   7
A   3 2 4  and b   1.
   
 6 1 8  4 
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 8
SOLUTIONS OF NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS

 Solution: Row operations on  A 0 produce


 4 
 1 0  1 4
 x1  x3  1
 3 5 4 7  3
 3 2 4 1  , 3
 
~ 0 1 0 2 x2  2
 6 1 8 4  0 0 0 0 00
 
 

4
 Thus x1  1  x3 , x2  2 , and x3 is free.
3
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 9
SOLUTIONS OF NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS

 As a vector, the general solution of Ax  b has the form

 4  4  4
 1  x3   x3  3
 x1  3  1 3  1
           
x  x2   2   2   0   2  x3  0 
     
 x3   x3   0   x3   0  1
     
     
p v

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 10


SOLUTIONS OF NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS
 The equation x  p  x3 v , or, writing t as a general
parameter,
x  p  tv (t in ℝ) (3)
describes the solution set of Ax  b in parametric
vector form.
 The solution set of Ax  0 has the parametric vector
equation
x  tv (t in ℝ) (4)
[with the same v that appears in (3)].
 Thus the solutions of Ax  b are obtained by adding
the vector p to the solutions of Ax  0.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 11
SOLUTIONS OF NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS
 The vector p itself is just one particular solution of
Ax  b [corresponding to t  0 in (3).]

 To describe the solution of Ax  b geometrically, we


can think of vector addition as a translation.

 Given v and p in ℝ2 or ℝ3 , the effect of adding p to


v is to move v in a direction parallel to the line
through p and 0.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 12


SOLUTIONS OF NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS
 We say that v is translated by p to v  p. See the
following figure.

 If each point on a line L in ℝ2 or ℝ3 is translated by


a vector p, the result is a line parallel to L. See the
following figure.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 13


SOLUTIONS OF NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS
 Suppose L is the line through 0 and v, described by
equation (4).
 Adding p to each point on L produces the translated
line described by equation (3).
 We call (3) the equation of the line through p
parallel to v.
 Thus the solution set of Ax  b is a line through p
parallel to the solution set of Ax  0 . The figure on
the next slide illustrates this case.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 14


SOLUTIONS OF NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS

 The relation between the solution sets of Ax  b and Ax  0


shown in the figure above generalizes to any consistent
equation Ax  b, although the solution set will be larger
than a line when there are several free variables.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 15
SOLUTIONS OF NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS

THEOREM 6
Suppose the equation Ax = b is consistent for some
given b, and let p be a solution. Then the solution set of
Ax = b is the set of all vectors of the form 𝑤 = 𝑝 + 𝑣ℎ ,
where vh is any solution of the homogeneous equation.

 Theorem 6 says that if Ax = b has a solution, then the


solution set is obtained by translating the solution set
of Ax = 0, using any particular solution p of Ax = b
for the translation.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 16


WRITING A SOLUTION SET (OF A CONSISTENT
SYSTEM) IN PARAMETRIC VECTOR FORM

1. Row reduce the augmented matrix to reduced echelon


form.
2. Express each basic variable in terms of any free
variables appearing in an equation.
3. Write a typical solution x as a vector whose entries
depend on the free variables, if any.
4. Decompose x into a linear combination of vectors
(with numeric entries) using the free variables as
parameters.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 17


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 18


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 19


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 20


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 21


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 22


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 23


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 24


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 25


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 26


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 27


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 28


1.6 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1.5- 29


Some Examples
Electrical Networks
Classwork:

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