GRADING SYSTEM

GRADING SYSTEM
▪ GENERAL PHYSICS 1

▪ Written Works (25%)

▪ Performance Task (45%)
▪ Quarterly Assessment (30%)
GRADING SYSTEM
▪ Written Works (25%)

▪ Summative Examinations
GRADING SYSTEM
▪ Performance Tasks(45%)

▪ Worksheets
▪ Problem Sets
▪ Projects
▪ Group/Individual Activities
GRADING SYSTEM
▪ Quarterly Assessment(30%)

▪ Quarter Examinations
HOUSE RULES

▪ Avoid being noisy while the class is going.

▪ You can either sleep or go out if you can’t bear to be silent, provi
ded that at the end of the day, if you fail it’s your doing.

▪ Please pass every requirements that I’ll be giving you.

▪ If you missed to pass, make sure you have a valid reason, if it is

valid you can still cope up with it, if it’s not, your score will be just
75% of the perfect score to provide justice for those who pass it
on time.
 Chapter 1

UNITS,PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES, AND
VECTORS
General Physics I
 t c o m es in
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 e Phys
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a n e x c t t e r n s
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n na p h e n o m e n
a n d i n g a s e d o
derst e d u c ti o n s b
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gh c n ta l v e r i f i c
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in order to study Physics, one requires a
sense of discipline.

1. UNDERSTANDING HOW ONE LEARNS.

▪ learn by listening are good in sitting down and taking notes during lectures
▪ learn more by engaging others and questioning can take advantage of discu
ssion sessions in class or group study outside classes.

2. FINDING TIME TO STUDY.

• Learning requires time
• Easy concepts require less time to learn compared to more difficult ones.
• Therefore, one has to invest more time in topics one finds more difficult.
PHYSICS
-> greek word “physik ”(natural)
-> study of nature
-> an experimental science

11
 Physics greek
word “physik ” Physicists perfo
(natural) is an ex rm experiment
perimental scien s to test hypoth
ce. esis.
Conclusions in
experiment are
derived from m
Such number is call easurements.
ed a
And physicists us
PHYSICAL QUANT
e numbers to des
ITY. cribe measureme
nts.
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
-> anything physically measurable (ex. height, mass, distance)
-> uses a standard called a unit
SYSTEM of UNITS
Metric System (SI system) –> meters, kilograms, seconds
-> standard system of units
British/English System –> inches, pounds, yard

13
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Length –> meter (m)
Time –> second (s)
Mass –> kilogram (kg)
Charge –> Coulomb (C)

TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Scalar -> magnitude (ex. height, mass, age)
Vector –> magnitude & direction (ex. position, velocity, force)

5 meters (height or length or distance); 5 m/s (speed)

5m to the left (position) ; 5 m/s north (velocity)
14
Standards and Units
▪ Unit Prefixes
Prefix (abbreviation) Power of Ten
peta – (P) 1015
tera – (T) 1012
giga – (G) 109
mega – (M) 106
kilo – (k) 103
deci – (d) 10−1
centi – (c) 10−2
milli – (m) 10−3
micro – (µ) 10−6
nano – (n) 10−9
pico – (p) 10−12
femto – (f) 10−15
Unit Consistency and Conversions
▪ We use equations to express relationships among physical qu
antities, represented by algebraic symbols.
d = vt
▪ An equation must always be dimensionally consistent
▪ You can’t add apples and automobiles; two terms may be add
ed or equated only if they have the same units.
Unit Consistency and Conversions
▪ Example 1.1 Converting Speed Units

The world land speed record is 763.0 mi/h, set on October 15,1
997, by Andy Green in the jet-engine car Thrust SSC. Express this
speed in meters per second.
Unit Consistency and Conversions
▪ Example 1.1 Converting Speed Units
Unit Consistency and Conversions
▪ Example 1.2 Converting Volume Units

The world’s largest cut diamond is the First Star of Africa (moun
ted in the British Royal Sceptre and kept in the Tower of London
). Its volume is 1.84 cubic inches. What is its volume in cubic cen
timeters? In cubic meters?
Unit Consistency and Conversions
▪ Example 1.2 Converting Volume Units
Scientific Notation
▪ In physics we deal with some numbers that are very s
mall and others that are very large. It can get cumbers
ome to write numbers in conventional decimal notatio
n.
▪ In scientific notation, any number is written as the pro
duct of a number between 1 and 10 and an integer po
wer of 10.
Scientific Notation
▪ Radius of Earth
6,380,000 m can be written 6.38 x 106 m.

▪ Radius of Hydrogen Atom

0.000,000,000,053 m can be written
5.3 x 10−11 m.
Scientific Notation
▪ Example 1. Write these numbers in scientific notation.

1. 290,000,000 people in US
2. 0.000,000,000,000,003,8 m

▪ Example 2. Write these scientific notation in numbers.

1. 2.98 x 10−9
2. 4.567 x 103
 Significant Figures
• Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
• If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the decimal point are signifi
cant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the end and in the middle of
the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
Scientific Notation and Significant Figure
s
▪ Example 3. Identifying the Number of Significant Figur
es
a. 409.8
b. 0.058700
c. 9500
d. 950.0 x 101
 Significant Figures
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal
point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
+1.1 one significant figure after decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4

3.70 two significant figures after decimal point

-2.9133
0.7867 round off to 0.79

1.8
 Significant Figures
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
number that has the smallest number of significant figures

4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

3 sig figs round to

3 sig figs

6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926= 0.061

2 sig figs round to

2 sig figs
1.8
Exercise
I. How many significant figures.
a. 0.420
b. 2.300 x 104

II. Conversion of Units

a. Convert 1.00 km/h to m/s
b. A sprinter can run at a top speed of 0.32 miles per minute. Express her spe
ed in m/s

III. Write in scientific notation.

a. 0.00000675
b. 5600000
▪ Some physical quantities, such as time, temperature, mass, a
nd density, can be described completely by a single number
with a unit.

▪ Many other important quantities in physics have a direction

associated with them and cannot be described by a single
number.
▪ A simple example is describing the motion of an airplane
:
▪ We must say not only how fast the plane is moving but
also in what direction.

▪ The speed of the airplane combined with its direction of

motion together constitute a quantity called velocity.
▪ Another example is force, which in physics means a pu
sh or pull exerted on a body.
▪ Giving a complete description of a force means describ
ing both how hard the force pushes or pulls on the bo
dy and the direction of the push or pull.
ACTIVITY

32
 𝐸 𝐴Ԧ = 12 km, E
𝐵 = 20 km, N
𝐷 𝐹Ԧ 𝐶Ԧ = 16 km, W
𝐶Ԧ 𝐷 = 15 km, N
𝐸 = 30 km, E
𝐵
𝜃
𝐹Ԧ = 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 + 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷 + 𝐸
𝐴Ԧ
distance direction
𝐹 = 43.6 𝑘𝑚 𝜃 = 53.4°, 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝐸

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VECTORS
VECTOR REPRESENTATION


A

Length of the arrow -> magnitude of the vector ( A , A)
Tip of the arrow –> direction of the vector
PARALLEL Vectors -> same directions

A 
B

NEGATIVE of a VECTOR –> same magnitude but opposite direction


A 
−A

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VECTOR ADDITION
GRAPHICAL METHOD
COMPONENT METHOD

GRAPHICAL METHOD
Head to Tail
Tail to Tail (Parallelogram method)

 
Ex.1. Find A + B

A 
B

36
VECTOR ADDITION (Graphical)
Solutions:

Head to Tail B

A
 
A+B

Tail to Tail
 
 A+B
A


B

37
VECTOR ADDITION (Graphical)
 
Ex.2. Find C + D

C 
D

Solutions:
Head to Tail Tail to Tail
 
C+ D
   
D C+ D D

C

C

38
VECTOR ADDITION (Graphical)
▪ Review: Cosine Law

b
𝐶= 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 C
A
c
a

B
Example 1
▪ A car travels 20.0 km due north and then 35.0 km in a direc
tion 60° west of north. Find the magnitude and of a single
vector that gives the net effect of the car’s trip. This vector
is called the car’s resultant displacement.

40
Example 1
▪ Ans. 48 km
Example 2
▪ An airplane flies 200 km due west from city A to city
B and then 300 km in the direction of 30.0° north of
west from city B to city C. In straight-line distance, h
ow far is city C from city A? *Use Head-Tail & Paralle
logram Method.

42
Example 3
▪ An airplane is travelling at a speed of 500 mph with a bearin
g of 330° at a fixed attitude with a negligible wind velocity.
When the airplane reaches a certain point, it encounters a
wind velocity of 70 mph in the direction N 45° E. What is the
resultant speed and direction of the airplane?

ANS. 522.5 mi, 337.44°

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Review
▪ SOH CAH TOA
 VECTOR ADDITION (Component)
One method of adding vectors mak
es use of the projections of a vector
along the axes of a rectangula
r coordinate system. These projecti
ons are called components. Any
vector can be completely described
by its components.

45
 VECTOR ADDITION (Component)
Consider a vector 𝐴റ in a rectangular
coordinate system, as shown in figu
re. 𝐴റ can be expressed as the sum o
f two vectors: 𝐴𝑥 , parallel to the x-ax
is; and 𝐴𝑦 , parallel
to the y-axis. Mathematically,

𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦
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VECTOR ADDITION (Component)

𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦
𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

2 2
𝐴= 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦
𝐴𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝐴𝑋
47
 Example
Find the horizontal and vertical componen
ts of the 1.00 𝑥 102 m displacement of a s
uperhero who flies from the top of a tall b
uilding along the path shown in Figure.

Ans.

48
 Example
Suppose instead the superhero leaps in t
he other direction along a displacement v
ector 𝐵 to the top of a flagpole where the
displacement components are given by
𝐵𝑥 = -25.0 m and 𝐵𝑦 =10.0 m. Find the mag
nitude and direction of the displacement v
ector.

49
Example

Ans.

50
VECTOR ADDITION (Component)
Example

52
Example

53
Example

54
 VECTOR ADDITION (Component)
UNIT VECTORS
-> hat vectors (length of 1 unit)
y 
iˆ - along the x - axis D
3m
ˆj - along the y - axis
kˆ - along the z - axis 
D = 2m ĵ
2m

+ ĵ 
1m C = 2m iˆ 
C
+ iˆ 1m ĵ
− iˆ 1m iˆ
x
1m 2m 3m
− ĵ
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VECTOR ADDITION (Component)
COMPONENT OF A VECTOR
y

Ay 
A

 x
Ax
    Standard
A = Ax + Ay A = A x iˆ + A y ˆj
form

A= Ax + Ay
2 2
magnitude

56
VECTOR ADDITION (Component)
y

B

 
C A
x

A=4 A = 4iˆ

B = 4.47 B = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj

 C=3 C = 3(−iˆ) = −3iˆ
D 
D=5 D = 3( −iˆ) + 4( − ˆj ) = −3iˆ − 4 ˆj

57
VECTOR ADDITION (Component)
–> only add the same components
-> the result is a vector
   
-> vector addition is commutative ( A + B = B + A )
y
  
Ex1. Find C = A + B
  3 
if A = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj and B = iˆ − 4 ˆj 2
A
1

Solution: x
   -3 -2 -1

C= A+B 
C
= (3iˆ + 2 ˆj ) + (iˆ − 4 ˆj )
 
C = 4iˆ − 2 ˆj B

58
VECTOR ADDITION (Component)
COMPONENT OF A VECTOR
y
 
A y = A y ˆj A


 x
A x = A x iˆ

A x = A cos
Ax
cos =
A

sin  =
Ay
A y = A sin 
A

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VECTOR ADDITION (Component)
COMPONENT OF A VECTOR
y

Ay 
A

 x
Ax

A y = A cos 
Ay
cos =
A

A x = A sin 
Ax
sin  =
A

60
61
62
VECTOR PRODUCT/Multiplication
DOT PRODUCT (•)
CROSS PRODUCT (  )

DOT PRODUCT ( •) 
-> scalar product (result is a scalar) A
 
A • B = AB cos 
angle between the two vectors 
B

   
Note: Dot product is commutative ( A • B = B • A )

64
 VECTOR PRODUCT/Multiplication

DOT PRODUCT ( •) A
 
A • B = AB cos 
angle between the two vectors

B
   
Note: Dot product is commutative ( A • B = B • A )

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛

0° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 90°, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 > 0 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸

90° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 180°, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 < 0 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑁𝐸𝐺𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸

65
DOT PRODUCT

Dot Product on Unit Vectors

 
iˆ • iˆ = ˆj • ˆj = kˆ • kˆ = 1
A • B = AB cos
the rest are zero

 
A • B = ( A x iˆ + A y ˆj + A z kˆ) • (B x iˆ + B y ˆj + B z kˆ)
= A x B x (iˆ • iˆ) + A y B y ( ˆj • ˆj ) + A z B z (kˆ • kˆ)
 
A • B = A xB x + A yB y + A zB z

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68
DOT PRODUCT
 
Ex1. A = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ and B = 2iˆ + ˆj − 3kˆ
   
Find : a. A • B b.  (angle between A and B)

Solution:
   
a. A • B = A x B x + A y B y + A z B z b. A • B = AB cos
 
= (3 • 2) + (2 •1) + (4 • (−3)) A•B
  = cos
A•B = −4 AB
 

−1 A • B

 = cos  

 AB 

69
DOT PRODUCT
 
Ex1. A = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ and B = 2iˆ + ˆj − 3kˆ
   
Find : a. A • B b.  (angle between A and B)

Solution:

b. A = 3 + 2 + 4 = 5.39
2 2 2  = cos−1 (− 0.198)
 = 101
B = 2 + 1 + (−3) = 3.74
2 2 2

 −4 
 = cos 
−1

 5.39 • 3.74 

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