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Patron
Shri C. Neelap
Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Guwahati

Regional Co-ordination & Compilation

Shri D. Patle
Asstt. Commissioner, KVS RO Guwahati

School Co-ordination
Shri . K. Alung Khumba
Principal, KV NFR, Maligaon, Guwahati

Subject Expert
Dr. K. K. Motla, PGT(CS),
KV NFR, Maligaon, Guwahati
Sh. Rajendra Gavahle, PGT(CS),
KV NFR, Maligaon, Guwahati
 Syllabus Content X
Quarter – April to June

S.no. Units Contents No. of

Periods
1. Review of Autodesk 3D Max 1.1 What is 3D? 4
1.2 Navigation and Display
1.3 Creating Objects & Selecting Objects.
1.4 Parenting & Grouping objects.
1.5 Transforming Objects.
2. Animation in 3D Max 2.1. Animation 12
2.1.1 Keys and Key framing.
2.1.2 Animation Controllers
2.1.3 Parametric vs. Transform Animation
2.1.4 Animation Playback
2.1.5 Acceleration
2.1.6 Time Configuration
2.1.7 Cycling &Linking
2.2 Editing tools:
2.2.1 Select Modifiers
2.2.2 Edit Modifiers
2.2.3 Editable Object Commands
2.2.4 Sub-Object Selection
2.2.5 Modifying & Transforming Sub-
Objects
2.2.6 Mesh Editing Levels
2.2.7 Spline Editing Levels

Quarter 2- July to Sept

3. Customizing & Embedding 3.1 Inserting Multimedia files in Webpages 16
Multimedia components in 3.1.1 Compatible Multimedia Files formats for Webpages.
Webpages 3.1.2 Embedding Audio File.
3.1.3 Embedding Video File.
3.1.4 Embedding Flash File.
Quarter 3- Oct to Dec
4. Web Scripting Using 4.1 REVIEW OF JAVA SCRIPT OF CLASS IX 20
4.1.1 Variables & Operators
Java Script 4.1.2 If & Switch
4.1.3 Iteration (Loops)
4.1.4 Window Object
4.1.5 Pop – Up Boxes –Alert, Confirm Etc.
4.2 FUNCTIONS –USER DEFINED
4.2.1 Function Definition
4.2.2 Calling a Function
4.2.3 Function Parameters
4.2.4 Return Statement
4.3 String Object
4.3.1 Syntax
4.3.2 String Properties
4.3.3 String Methods
4.3.4 String HTML Wrappers
4.4 Math Object
4.4.1 Syntax
4.4.2 Array Properties
4.4.3 Array Methods
4.5 Event
4.5.1 What is an Event?
4.5.2 An click Event Type
4.5.3 On Submit Event Type
4.5.4 On Mouseover & On Mouseout
4.5.5 HTML 4 Standard Events

Quarter 4- Jan to Mar

5. Operating Web Based 5.1 E-GOVERANCE 6
Application 5.1.1 What is E-Governance
5.1.2 Major E- Governance Projects in India
5.1.3 Societal Imports of E- Governance
5.2. E-BUSSINESS
5.2.1 What is E- Business
5.2.2 Major E- Business Portals
5.2.3 Societal Impacts of E- Business
5.3 E- LEARNING
5.3.1 What is E- Learning?
5.3.2 Major E- Learning Sites
5.3.3 Societal Impacts of E- Learning.

Project Developing a Project on coding a

Contents website using HTML, JavaScript & CSS.
Review of Autodesk 3D Max 1
• What is 3D?
Web Scripting using Java
• Navigation and Display Script 34
• Creating Objects & Selecting Objects. REVIEW OF JAVA SCRIPT OF CLASS IX
• Parenting & Grouping objects. • Variables & Operators
• Transforming Objects. • If & Switch
Animation in 3D Max 8 • Iteration (Loops)
Animation • Window Object
• Keys and Key framing. • Pop – Up Boxes –Alert, Confirm Etc.
• Animation Controllers FUNCTIONS –USER DEFINED
• Parametric vs. Transform Animation • Function Definition
• Animation Playback • Calling a Function
• Acceleration • Function Parameters
• Time Configuration • Return Statement
String Object
• Cycling &Linking
• Syntax
Editing tools:
• String Properties
• Select Modifiers
• String Methods
• Edit Modifiers
• String HTML Wrappers
• Editable Object Commands
Math Object
• Sub-Object Selection • Syntax
• Modifying & Transforming Sub-Objects Array Properties
• Mesh Editing Levels Array Methods
• Spline Editing Levels Event
What is an Event?
Customizing & Embedding 25 An click Event Type
On Submit Event Type
Multimedia components in On Mouseover & On Mouseout
Webpages • HTML 4 Standard Events
Inserting Multimedia files in Webpages
• Compatible Multimedia Files formats
for Webpages.
• Embedding Audio File.
• Embedding Video File.
• Embedding Flash File.
Operating Web based
Application 65
Check your progress on 69
E-GOVERANCE
Web Scripting JavaScript
• What is E-Governance With Practical Solution
• Major E- Governance Projects in India
• Societal Imports of E- Governance
E-BUSSINESS
• What is E- Business
• Major E- Business Portals
• Societal Impacts of E- Business
E- LEARNING
• What is E- Learning?
• Major E- Learning Sites
• Societal Impacts of E- Learning.
Lesson-1
Review of Autodesk 3D Max
You will learn
What is 3D?
 What is 3D?
3D means three-dimensional, i.e. something, that has width,  Navigation and
height and depth (length). Our physical environment is Display
 Creating Objects &
three-dimensional and we move around in 3D every day.
Selecting Objects.
Humans are able to perceive the spatial relationship between  Parenting &
objects just by looking at them because we have 3D perception, Grouping objects.
also known as depth perception. As we look around, the retina in  Transforming
Objects.
each eye forms a two-dimensional image of our surroundings and
our brain processes these two images into a 3D visual experience.

Navigation and Display

• Coordinate Systems & The Home Grid

Grids are two-dimensional arrays of lines similar to graph paper, except that you can adjust the
spacing and other features of the grid to the needs of your work.

Using the home grid to position houses

Grids have these primary uses:

• As an aid in visualizing space, scale, and distance

• As a construction plane where you create and align
objects in your scene
• As a reference system for using snap

The home grid is the basic reference system, defined by three fixed
planes on the world coordinate axes . The home grid is visible by default when you start 3ds Max, but
can be turned off with an option in the right-click viewport menu. You can use any view of the home

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grid as a construction plane or you can create a grid object and use that as a construction plane
instead.

• Orthogonal vs. Perspective Views

“Orthogonal” is a term used to describe two vectors that are perpendicular (at 90 degrees) to each
other. In 3D space, when the X, Y, or Z-Axes are not perpendicular, they are considered “non-
orthogonal” and the FBX plug-in does not support their representation as a matrix.

Because the FBX plug-in assumes that there is always a 90-degree angle between the X, Y, and Z
axes, it can support only orthogonal matrices. Any transformed axes that have non-orthogonal TRS
matrices are ignored by the FBX plug-in, so it does not import or export effects created when axes
are not orthographic.

Perspective Views: most closely resemble human vision. Objects appear to recede into the distance,
creating a sense of depth and space. For most 3D computer graphics, this is the view used in the
final output that the client sees onscreen or on the page. Perspective view of the ice-cream shop

There are three ways to create a perspective view in a viewport perspective view, camera view, and
light view.

A perspective viewport, labeled Perspective, is one of the default

viewports. You can change any active viewport to this eye-like point of
view by pressing the keyboard shortcut P.

A camera view requires that you first create a camera object in your
scene. The camera viewport tracks the view through the perspective of
that camera. As you move the camera (or target) in another viewport, you see the scene swing
accordingly. If you alter the camera's field of view on the Modify command panel, you see the
changes as they are applied.

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Creating Objects & Selecting Objects.

With some variations, the steps shown in the following images apply to
creating any type of object on the Create panel. For specific examples,
see the Procedures section in any object's topic.

1. Radius defined 2. Height defined

3. Sides increased 4. Height Segments increased

To choose an object category:

1. Click (Create tab) to view the Create panel.

2. Click one of the buttons at the top of the Create panel. For example, (Geometry).
3. Choose the subcategory Standard Primitives from the list.

A number of buttons appear on the Object Type rollout.

To choose an object type:

• Click the button for the type of object you want to create.
 The button highlights, showing that it is active. Four rollouts
appear Name and Color, Creation Method, Keyboard Entry,
and Parameters.
 To choose a creation method (optional):
 You can accept the default method and skip this step.
• Choose a method in the Creation Method rollout.

 To preset the creation parameters (optional):

 You can adjust all creation parameters after you create an object.
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 • In the Parameters rollout, you can set parameters before you create an object. However, the
values of parameters you set by dragging the mouse (for example, the Radius and Height of a
cylinder) have no effect until after you create the object.
•

To create the object:

1. Put the cursor at a point in any viewport where you want to place the object, and hold the
mouse button down (do not release the button).
2. Drag the mouse to define the first parameter of the object; for example, the circular base of a
cylinder.
3. Release the mouse button. The first parameter is set with this release. In some cases, such
as Sphere, Teapot, and Plane, this completes the object. You can skip the remaining steps.
4. Move up or down without touching the mouse button. This sets the next parameter; for
example, the height of a cylinder.
If you want to cancel: Until you complete the next step, you can cancel the creation
process with a right-click.
5. Click when the second parameter has the value you want, and so on.

The number of times you press or release the mouse button depends on how many spatial
dimensions are required to define the object. (For some kinds of objects, such as Line and Bones, the
number is open-ended.)

Parenting & Grouping objects.

1. Main toolbar (Select And Link)

2. Use the Select and Link button to define the hierarchical relationship between two objects by
linking them as child and parent.
3. You link from the currently selected object (child) to any other object (parent).

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 4. You can link an object to a closed group. When you do, the object becomes a child of the
group parent rather than any member of the group. The entire group flashes to show that
you've linked to the group.
5. A child inherits the transformations (move, rotate, scale) applied to the parent, but the child's
transformations have no effect on the parent. If you want the child not to inherit the transforms,

use the Link Inheritance (Selected) Utility or use the controls found in Link Info in the Hierarchy
panel.
6. You can also create hierarchical linkages using Schematic View. Use the Connect button on
the Schematic View toolbar to create hierarchical linkages between nodes.

Transforming Objects:

When you create any object, 3ds Max records its position,
rotation, and scale information in an internal table called a
transformation matrix. Subsequent position, rotation, and scale
adjustments are called transforms.

Moving, rotating, and scaling a figure. An object's actual

position within the world coordinate system is always calculated in relation to its internal, or local
coordinate system, which is based on the object's transformation matrix. The origin of the local
coordinate system is the center of the object's bounding box.

An object can carry any number of modifiers, but only one set of transforms. Although you can
change transform values from frame to frame, each object always has only one position, one
rotation, and one scale transform.

You can animate your transforms by turning on the Auto Key button and then performing the
transform at any frame other than frame 0. This creates a key for that transform at the current
frame.

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SUMMARY

1. 3D means three-dimensional, i.e. something, that has width, height and depth (length).
2. “Orthogonal” is a term used to describe two vectors that are perpendicular (at 90 degrees) to
each other. In 3D space, when the X, Y, or Z-Axes are not perpendicular, they are considered
“non-orthogonal”.
3. There are three ways to create a perspective view in a viewport perspective view, camera
view, and light view.
4. When you create any object, 3ds Max records its position, rotation, and scale information in an
internal table called a transformation matrix.
5. Subsequent position, rotation, and scale adjustments are called transforms.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks:

i. 3D means________________dimension.
ii. 3D perception is also called _________________perception.
iii. Subsequent position, _____________and______________ are referred as transforms.
iv. In 3D space when X,Y or Z Axes are not ___________they considered “non -
orthogonal”.

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Lesson-2
Animation in 3D Max

Animation

Keys and Key framing. You will learn

Animation is based on a principle of human vision. If you

view a series of related still images in quick succession, Animation
your brain perceives them as continuous motion. Each  Keys and Key framing.
 Animation Controllers
image is called a frame.  Parametric vs. Transform
Historically, the major difficulty in creating animations has Animation
 Animation Playback
been that the animator must produce a large number of
 Acceleration
frames. Depending on the quality you want, one minute of  Time Configuration
animation might require between 720 and 1800 separate still  Cycling &Linking
Editing tools:
images. Creating images by hand is a big job. That is where
 Select Modifiers
key framing comes in.  Edit Modifiers
 Editable Object Commands
 Sub-Object Selection
Animation Controllers:  Modifying & Transforming
Sub-Objects
Most of the frames in an animation are routine, incremental  Mesh Editing Levels
changes from the previous frame directed toward some  Spline Editing Levels
predefined goal. Early animation studios quickly realized
they could increase the productivity of their master

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artists by having them draw only the important frames,
called keyframes.
Assistants could then figure out the frames that were required in between the key frames. These
frames were (and still are) called tweens. Use 3ds Max as your animation assistant. As the master
animator, you create the key frames that record the beginning and end of each transformation. The
values at

these key frames are called keys. 3ds Max calculates the interpolated values between each key
value, resulting in tweened animation.

Parametric vs. Transform Animation

Parametric animation is an animation technique used in computer software, such as in computer

games that blends two or more separate animations together to form a new animation. This new
animation is constructed in real-time by the game engine, and is not stored in a separate file like a
regular animation. The technique was first used in an early build of the Half-Life mod, Team Fortress
2, and it not only heavily reduces artist workload during game development, it provides for much
smoother animation as well.

How parametric animation works?

It combines different layers of animation automatically. The whole process controls by program,
determines which animation layer should be used and controls the method of combination like
override, additive, overly or and the amount of density.

A transform is an adjustment of an object’s position, orientation, or

scale, relative to the 3D world (or world space) in which you are
working.Changing a model by changing its position, rotation, or scale

You can apply three basic types of transform to an object:

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 • Position

• Rotation

• Scale

And a fourth transform command lets you position an object automatically on an

underlying surface:

• Placement

This section presents brief topics to help you quickly start learning how to transform objects and how
to animate your transforms.

Failure to Move or Rotate

In some cases, an object might fail to move or rotate, even when the proper command is active and
the object is selected. This could be due to one of the following reasons:

• The object is frozen.

• A transform controller has been assigned to the object.
• Inverse Kinematics mode is on and the preference called Always Transform
Children of the World is off.

Procedures : To transform an object using the main toolbar:

1. On the main toolbar, click one of the three transform buttons: (Select And Move),

(Select And Rotate), or (Select And Uniform Scale). These buttons are usually
referred to as Move, Rotate, and Scale.

Alternatively, to position an object on another object's surface, click (Select And Place).

2. Position the mouse over the object you want to transform.

a. If the object is already selected, the cursor changes to indicate the transform.
b. If the object is not selected, the cursor changes to a crosshairs to show that the object
can be selected.

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 3. Drag the mouse to apply the transform.

If you start the drag over an unselected object, it becomes selected and is also
transformed.You can restrict transforms to one or two axes easily with the Using
Transform Gizmos.

Animation Playback

Play/Stop

The Play button plays the animation in the active viewport. If you click another viewport to
make it active, the animation continues playing in that viewport. When the animation is playing, the
Play button becomes a Stop button. The Play button is a flyout for playing only the animation of
selected objects.

• Status bar > Time controls > (Play Animation)

• Status bar > Time controls > (Stop Animation)

• Keyboard > / (to play) (3ds Max mode)

• Keyboard > .) +V (Maya mode: See Interaction Mode Preferences

• Keyboard > (to stop)

Procedures: To play the animation in the viewport:

1. Activate the viewport where you want to play the animation.

2. Click (Play Animation).

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 The animation plays in the viewport. The Play button becomes a Stop button.

3. Click (Stop Animation) to end the playback.

The speed of the animation playback is determined by the settings in the Time
Configuration dialog, the complexity of the scene and the speed of the graphics card and
processor.

To play the animation looped backward:

1. In the animation controls, click (Time Configuration).

2. In the Time Configuration dialog Playback group, turn off Real Time.
i. The Direction buttons are now available.
3. Turn on Reverse and click OK.
4. Click (Play Animation).
i. The animation plays backward.
5. To play the animation front-to-back and then back-to-front in a continuous loop, turn on Ping-
Pong as the Direction.

To play the animation of a selected object only:

1. In a viewport, select a single animated object or a set of animated objects.

2. Choose (Play Selected) from the Play/Stop flyout.
i. Only the selection is animated in the viewport.
3. To end playback, click (Stop Animation) or press .

Acceleration

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Acceleration is measured in units per frame per frame, where the
unit is the current 3ds Max system unit. That is, the acceleration is
determined by the rate at which the speed changes per frame.Use
AccelerationTurn on to have the motion synthesis engine consider
delegate acceleration in determining whether to activate the state.

Range group

When you choose Range, the motion synthesis engine activates the
clip when the delegate's acceleration falls inside the specified range.

Min/Avg/Max display
After you synthesize the Master Motion Clips, displays delegates'
minimum, average, and maximum acceleration.

Min
Set a minimum acceleration value for the range.

Max
Set a maximum acceleration value for the range.

When you choose Unique, the motion synthesis engine activates the clip when the delegate's
acceleration matches a specific value, optionally with a rising, falling, or constant value before or after
the specified value.

Value
Set a unique acceleration value.

In and Out groups

These radio buttons let you specify the behaviour of the parameter before and after the unique value
is met.

• Anything Acceleration before or after the target value is not relevant.

• Decreasing Acceleration decreases before or after it reaches the target value.
• Constant Acceleration before or after the target value is constant.
• Increasing Acceleration increases before or after it reaches the target value.cale Playback
Speed group

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These settings let you scale the rate at which the animation is played, depending upon the
acceleration of the delegate.

Scale Animation

Scale the clip's animation based on acceleration.

For example, as a bird accelerates, its wings beat more rapidly. Scaling an animation scales the keys
of the animation.

Percentage

Specify how much to alter the playback speed based upon the difference between the delegate's
acceleration and the Base Acceleration setting.

The formula used is this:

Animation Speed change % = (current speed/Base Acceleration – 1) x Percentage %

For example, if a delegate is accelerating 50 percent faster than the base acceleration, and the Scale
Percentage value is 50, then the playback speed is scaled up by 25 percent.

Base Acceleration
Specifies the delegate acceleration at which the animation should be played back at its normal rate.

Time Configuration
The Time Configuration dialog provides settings for frame rate, time display, playback, and animation.
You use this dialog to change the length of your animation, or stretch or rescale it

• Status bar > Time controls > (Time Configuration) > Time Configuration dialog

Procedures: To define the active time segment:

1. Click (Time Configuration).

2. In the Time Configuration dialog Animation group, set Start Time to specify the
beginning of your active time segment.

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 3. Do one of the following:
• Set End Time to specify the end of your active time segment.
• Set Length to specify the amount of time in the active time segment and
automatically set the correct End Time.
You can enter positive or negative values in any spinner, but you must use the same format used by
the time display.

To stretch out your existing animation over a longer time:

1. In the Time Configuration dialog Animation group, click Re-scale Time.
2. Change the value in Length to be the number of frames you want the action to fill.
3. Click OK.
The animation is rescaled to the new number of frames.

To add frames onto your existing animation:

This procedure adds new frames to the end of your animation, without affecting your existing work.

1. In the Time Configuration dialog Animation group End Time field, enter the number
of the last frame of the animation.
For example, if your existing animation is 100 frames long and you want to add 50
frames, enter 150.

2. Click OK.
The number you entered is now the new length of the animation, shown on the time
slider.

To move to an exact time in your animation:

• Inthe Time Configuration dialog Animation group, enter the frame number in the
Current Time field, and press .
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To set the frame rate of your animation:

In the Time Configuration dialog Frame Rate group, do one of the following:

1. Choose one of the standard frame rates such as PAL or NTSC.

2. Choose Custom, and specify a frame rate in the FPS (frames-per-second) field.

To play your animation in reverse or back and forth:

1. In the Time Configuration Playback group, turn off the Real Time.
2. Choose the direction of the animation playback by selecting Forward, Reverse, or
Ping- Pong.
3. Play the animation in the viewport using (Play Animation) or the / key.

To play your animation only once:

1. In the Time Configuration Playback group, turn off Loop.

2. Choose the direction of the animation playback by selecting Forward, Reverse or Ping-
Pong.

3. Play the animation in the viewport using (Play Animation) or the / key.

The animation will play once and stop.

To play your animation in multiple viewports:

1. In the Time Configuration Playback group, turn off Active Viewport Only. Click OK.
2. Play your animation.

To play an animation with sound:

• In the Time Configuration Playback group, be sure you have Real Time turned on. If
Real Time is not on, the sound will not play back during the animation.

Interface

These are the controls for the Time Configuration dialog. You can
display this dialog by right-clicking any of the time control buttons to
the right of the Auto Key button.

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Frame Rate group

These four option buttons, labeled NTSC, Film, PAL, and Custom let you set the frame rate in
frames-per-second (FPS).

FPS (Frames Per Second)

Sets the frame rate of your animation in Frames per Second. Use frame rates of 30 fps for video, 24
for film, and lower rates for web and media animations.

Cycling & Linking

Linking Objects

The general process of creating links is to build the hierarchy from child to parent. You click Select
and Link on the toolbar, select one or more objects as children, and then drag the link cursor from the
selection to a single parent object. The selected objects become children of the parent object.

Once objects are linked, any transformations applied to the parent are also applied to its children. For
example, if you scale the parent to 150%, the size of its children and the distance between the
children and the parent are also scaled by 150%.

Unlinking Objects

Click Unlink Selection to remove the link from selected objects to their parents. Any children of the
selected object are unaffected.
You can quickly unlink an entire hierarchy by double-clicking the root object to select the object and
all of its children. Then click Unlink Selection..

Linking Animated Objects

You should establish links before you begin animating objects. The linkage of objects with Select and
Link cannot be animated; the link remains in force throughout the entire animation.
If you want your objects to be linked during one part of the animation but not another, you can a Link
constraint to change the linkage at specific frames.

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Editing tools:
Select Modifiers

Controls on the Bone Editing Tools rollout let you create and modify bone geometry and structure,
and set bone color for one or more bones

Interface
Bone Pivot Position group

Bone Edit Mode

Lets you change the lengths of bones and their positions relative to one
another.

When this button is on, you can change the length of a bone by moving
its child bone. In effect, you can scale or stretch a bone by moving its
child bone while in this mode. You can use this tool both before and
after assigning an IK chain to the bone structure.

When Bone Edit Mode is on, you cannot animate, and when Auto Key or Set Key is on, Bone Edit
Mode is unavailable. Turn off Auto/Set Key to edit bones.

Bone Tools group

Create Bones Begins the bone-creation process. Clicking this button is the same as clicking Create
panel Systems Bones System.

Create End Creates a nub bone at the end of the currently selected bone. If the selected bone is not
at the end of a chain, the nub is linked in sequence between the currently selected bone and the next
bone in the chain.

Remove Bone Removes the currently selected bone. The bone’s parent bone is stretched to reach
the removed bone’s pivot point, and any children of the removed bone are linked to its parent. Any IK
chains that included the removed bone will remain intact.

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Connect Bones Creates a connecting bone between the currently selected bone and another bone.
When you click this button, a dotted line appears in the active viewport from the first selected bone.
Move the cursor to another bone to create a new connecting bone. The first selected bone will
become a parent to the connecting bone, which is in turn a parent to the second selected bone.

Delete Bone Deletes the currently selected bone, removing all its parent/child associations. A nub is
placed at the end of the deleted bone’s parent. Any IK chains that included this bone become invalid.

Reassign Root Makes the currently selected bone the root (parent) of the bone structure.

Refine Splits a bone in two. Click Refine, and then click a bone where you want it to split.

Mirror Opens the Bone Mirror dialog (see following), which lets you create mirror copies of selected
bones without changing the sign of the bones' scale. Instead, Mirror flips one of the bone axes: Y or
Z. You can specify the mirroring axis and the flip axis with the dialog controls.

Bone Mirror dialog

Opens when you click the Mirror button. Use it to specify the mirroring axis,
the flip axis, and an offset value.
While the dialog is open, you can see a preview of the mirrored bone(s) in
the viewports. Click OK to create the bones, or Cancel to prevent creation.

Mirror Axis Choose an axis or plane about which the bones will be mirrored: X/Y/Z or XY/YZ/ZX.

Bone Axis to Flip To avoid creating a negative scale, choose the bone axis to flip: Y or Z.

Offset The distance between the original bones and the mirrored bones. Use this to move the
mirrored bones to the other side of the character.

Edit Modifiers
To be demonstrated by teacher in practical class

Editable Object Commands

To be demonstrated by teacher in practical class

Sub-Object Selection

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If the modifier supports sub-object selection, the plug-in must provide methods to allow the system to
manipulate the sub-object components of the modifier. When a modifier's parameters are being
edited, it has the option of providing the system with different levels of sub-object selection. There are
two types of sub-object selection:

1. Selection of a modifier's Gizmo or Center - A modifier can have a visual

representation in the scene which users can manipulate called a gizmo. The Bend
modifier uses a 3D box. When Gizmo is selected in the sub-object selection list of
Max's UI, the user can transform the modifier's gizmo itself -- that is, they can
adjust its location, orientation, and scale in relation to the object it is affecting.
When Center is selected in the list, they can transform the pivot point of the
modifier's gizmo. For example, if you want a bend to occur about the base of the
Bend gizmo, you could move the center to the base of the gizmo.

2. Selection of components in the pipeline - The second type of sub-object selection is

selection of components of the object flowing through the pipeline. If the object in
the pipeline is a triangle object, then sub-object selection level might be things like
vertex, face, edge, etc. These are options for the Edit Mesh modifier, for instance.

Modifying & Transforming Sub-Objects

Selecting Sub-Objects

• To select a vertex, edge, or face/polygon/element, click it.

• To add to the sub-object selection, hold down and click, or drag to specify a
region.
• To subtract from the sub-object selection, hold down and click, or drag to
specify a region.
Note: When you drag to specify a region with an existing sub-object selection, if any transform tool is
active, you will transform the selection instead of changing the selection. To avoid this, start the

region away from the object, or first activate (Select Object) on the main toolbar.

Following is a general procedure in setting up an object for sub-object selection.

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 1. Convert the object into an editable object such as an editable mesh, editable spline,
editable poly, and so on.

2. On the modifier stack display, click (the plus-sign icon to the left of the name of the
modifier or editable object).

3. On the stack display, choose the kind of sub-object geometry you want to work with:
for example, Vertex, Face, or Edge. Each sub-object selection level has rollouts with
their own sets of options.

The sub-object level is highlighted in the list.

4. Use standard selection techniques (see preceding) to select sub-object geometry,

from a single sub-object to the entire object. By default, the sub-object selection
highlights in red.

Storing Sub-Object Selection Sets

The surface formats (mesh, poly, and so on), automatically remember the most recent selection for
each sub-object level: vertex, edge, and so on (there is overlap in some cases, such as poly edge
and border). These selection sets are saved with the file. With sub-object selections, you have these
options:

• Choose one of the selection sets to pass geometry up the stack to other modifiers.
Only one selection set is active at a time.
• Change to one of the other selection sets at any time by activating its sub-object
level.
• Use named selection sets for sub-object selections you want to reuse.
•

Using Sub-Object Selections

• Apply any options supplied for the kind of object and the selection level.
• Apply standard transforms: Move, Rotate, Scale. For more information, see
Transforming a Sub-Object Selection, following.
• Apply object-space modifiers (Bend, Taper, and Twist, for example) to perform useful
modelling operations.
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 • Apply object-space modifiers (UVW Map or Smooth, for example) to perform useful
surfacing operations.
• Bind a space warp to the selection. The rest of the object is unaffected by the warping.
• Use the toolbar commands Align, Normal Align, and Align To View with face
selections.

Transforming a Sub-Object Selection

Using an editable mesh, poly, patch, or spline, you can directly transform any sub-
object selection. However, “Select” modifiers like Mesh Select and Spline
Select enable only selection.

To transform a sub-object selection made with a Select modifier:

1. Add an XForm modifier to the stack, following (or somewhere above) the Select
modifier.
2. In the stack, open the Select modifier and make a sub-object selection.
3. Choose XForm in the stack. You then transform the XForm gizmo, which applies the
transform to the selection.

Mesh Editing Levels

1. Select an editable mesh object. Modify panel Selection rollout Choose any
sub-object level.

2. Select an editable mesh object. Modify panel Modifier stack display

Expand the Editable Mesh entry. Choose any sub-object level.
3. Select an editable mesh object. Quad menu Tools 1 quadrant Choose any sub-
object level.
The Edit Geometry rollout for Meshes contains most of the controls that let you alter
the geometry of the mesh, at either the Object (top) level, or one of the sub-object
levels. The controls that the rollout displays can vary, depending on which level is
active; if a

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 control is not available for the active level, it might be grayed out, or simply might not
appear at all.

Spline Editing Levels

1. Create or select a spline Modify panel Right-click spline entry in the stack
display Convert To: Editable Spline
2. Create a line Modify panel
3. Create or select a spline Right-click the spline Transform (lower-right) quadrant of
the quad menu Convert To: Convert to Editable Spline
Editable Spline provides controls for manipulating an object as a spline object and at
three sub-object levels: vertex, segment, and spline.

The functions in Editable Spline are the same as those in the Edit Spline modifier.
The exception is that when you convert an existing spline shape to an editable spline,
the creation parameters are no longer accessible or animatable. However, the spline's
interpolation settings (step settings) remain available in the editable spline.

SUMMARY

1. Animation is based on a principle of human vision. Each image is called a frame.

2. Parametric animation is an animation technique used in computer software, such as in
computer games that blends two or more separate animations together to form a new
animation.

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 3. A transform is an adjustment of an object’s position, orientation, or scale, relative to the 3D
world (or world space) in which you are working.
4. Acceleration is measured in units per frame per frame, where the unit is the current 3ds
Max system unit. That is, the acceleration is determined by the rate at which the speed
changes per frame.
5. The general process of creating links is to build the hierarchy from child to parent.
6. Offset is the distance between the original bones and the mirrored bones. Use this to move
the mirrored bones to the other side of the character.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks:

i. Each image is called________________.
ii. Parametric animation is an animation technique used in_____________.
iii. A ______________is an adjustment of an object position.
iv. The ____________button plays the animation in the active viewport.
v. Acceleration is measured in_____________ per frame.
vi. Click _____________selection to remove the link from selected objects to their parents.
vii. _____________sets the frame rate of your animation in frame per second.

B. State true or false:

i. When you drag to specify a region with an existing sub-object selection , if any
transform tool is active, you will transform the selection instead of changing the
selection.

ii. If the object in the pipeline is a triangle object, then sub object selection level might be
things like vertex, face, edge etc.

iii. To avoid creating a negative scale, choose the bone axis to flip X or Y.

iv. Refine splits a bone in two.

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 Webpages
You will learn

Inserting Multimedia files

Inserting Multimedia files in in Webpages
Webpages  Compatible
Multimedia Files
formats
What is Multimedia?
 for Webpages.
Multimedia comes in many different formats. It can be almost  Embedding Audio File.
 Embedding Video File.
anything you can hear or see. Examples: Pictures, music,
 Embedding Flash File.
sound, videos, records, films, animations, and more.
Web pages often contain multimedia elements of different
types and formats.

Browser Support

The first web browsers had support for text only, limited to a
single font in a single color. Later came browsers with support
for colors and fonts, and even support for pictures!
The support for sounds, animations, and videos is handled
differently by various browsers. Different types and formats
are supported , and some formats require extra helper
programs (plug-ins) to work.

Compatible Multimedia Files formats for Webpages.

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Common Video Formats

So
un
d
For
ma
ts

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Embedding Audio File.

Method 1

1. Open your Web page in an HTML editor or Notepad

2. Start with an object element:
<object>

3. You'll add 4 parameters to the object. The first is "src" that tells the browser where to find
the sound file. In this example, the sound file is eureka.wav and is found in the same
directory as the Web page:
<param name="src" value="eureka.wav" />

4. If you want the sound file to play immediately after it's loaded, make the autostart parameter
"true" otherwise make it "false":
<param name="autostart" value="true" />

5. The parameter autoplay is similar to autostart, just used by other browsers, set it the same as
the autostart parameter:
<param name="autoplay" value="true"/>

6. Use the controller parameter to tell the browser if a controller should be displayed to give
your readers more control over the sound:
<param name="controller" value="true" />

7. Inside the <object></object> element, add an embed element:

<embed />

8. Add the following four attributes that are the same as the parameters to the object:
<embed src="eureka.wav" controller="true" autoplay="true" autostart="True" />

9. Add the correct MIME type for your sound file into the type attribute:

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 <embed src="eureka.wav" controller="true" autoplay="true" autostart="True"
type="audio/wav" />

10. Add the plugins page attribute so that people who don't have the correct plugin for your sound
file can go download it. For WAV files, recommended QuickTime:

<embed src="eureka.wav" controller="true" autoplay="true" autostart="True"

type="audio/wav" pluginspage="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" />

11. When you're done, your HTML should look like this:
<object>
<param name="autostart" value="true">
<param name="src" value="eureka.wav">
<param name="autoplay" value="true">
<param name="controller" value="true">
<embed src="eureka.wav" controller="true" autoplay="true" autostart="True"
type="audio/wav" />
</object>
Method 2

Make a hyperlink directly to the audio file using the following code (change
"audiofilename.wmv" to your own file name):

<a href="audiofilename.wmv">Click here to listen audio </a>

A link is created like this: Click here to listen audio. When the end user clicks this hyperlink,
their Windows Media Player will open and load the audio file for playing.

Embedding Video File.

1. First Upload Your Video to Your Web Server

2. Create your video as a .mov or .mp4 file - and then upload it to your Web server

3. Write down the full URL to your video file - you'll need it when you write your HTML.

4. Use the Object Tag to Embed Your Video Validly

The object tag is not widely supported, but it is the only way to add a QuickTime video into
your pages using valid HTML.
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 There are two attributes that you need to include to get the video to play correctly:

Class id="clsid:02BF25D5-8C17-4B23-BC80-D3488ABDDC6B"
codebase=http://www.apple.com/qtactivex/qtplugin.cab

5. You'll also want to set the width and height of the object - set the width to the width of
the movie and the height to the height plus 15-20 pixels extra to include the controls.

6. Your object tag will look like:

<object width="960" height="555" classid="clsid:02BF25D5-8C17-4B23-BC80-

D3488ABDDC6B" codebase="http://www.apple.com/qtactivex/qtplugin.cab">

7. Parameters Make the Object Work

8. The only parameter that you need is the src parameter - this tells the browser where to
find the movie to play. Set the src attribute to the URL of your movie:

<param name="src" value="http://URL to movie.mov" />

9. Some other parameters that can be useful to control your video and make it more user-
friendly are:

 controller - this can be true or false. Remember that most people get very
frustrated if they cannot control multimedia elements on Web pages that they visit.
So I strongly recommend setting this to true.

 autoplay - this can be true or false. Autoplay also annoys customers. They want to
decide when and whether to watch the video. So I strongl recommend setting this
to false.
10. Inside the <object> tag, place the following parameters:

<param name="controller" value="true" /> <param name="autoplay" value="false" />

11. Finally, Include an Embed Tag with the Same Information

If it is very important to you that all your pages validate, then you should not include this
section. But remember that only people with some browsers like Safari and Opera will
be able to view your video.

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The embed tag should look like this. Note that all the fields are the same as the :

<embed src="http://URL to movie.mov" width="960" height="555" autoplay="true"

controller="true" pluginspage="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/"> </embed>

12. And then close the object tag:

</object>

Embedding Flash File.

Method 1: Using Dreamweaver to insert SWF file to webpage

Dreamweaver is a visual HTML editor with built-in objects that allow you to easily insert Flash
content. The required HTML tags are automatically inserted by Dream weaver.

1. Copy the SWF file to the same folder as the HTML document.
2. In Dreamweaver, select the location of the page where you wish to add the Flash content
(including inside a div, table cell or frame).
3. Click the Insert Flash button in Dreamweaver's Object palette, or choose Insert> Media >
Flash. Browse to and choose the SWF file.
4. Upload both the SWF and HTML files to your Web server, placing them in the same directory.

Method 2: Manually adding the proper tags to an existing web page

If you need to incorporate the flash slideshows created by Photo Slideshow Maker into an
existing HTML or other type of webpage document, a better way is manually adding the proper
tags to the existing page.

Web page must contain tags that reference the actual Flash movie file to be opened and
played. These tags are the <OBJECT> and <EMBED> tags.

The OBJECT tag is used by Internet Explorer on Windows and the EMBED is used by
Netscape Navigator (Macintosh and Windows) and Internet Explorer (Macintosh) to direct the
browser to load the Macromedia Flash Player.

1. Open the PFM-created HTML document in a text or HTML editor

2. Copy the HTML code included in the <object> and <embed> tags (see example below) and
paste it into the existing HTML document. This should contain the <OBJECT> and <EMBED>
tags
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<object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000"
codebase="http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/
swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0" width="777" height="528" id="tech" align="middle">
<param name="allowScriptAccess" value="sameDomain" />
<param name="movie" value="showcase/flash/fashionshow.swf" />
<param name="quality" value="high" />
<embed src="showcase/flash/fashionshow.swf" quality="high" width="777"
height="528" name="tech" align="middle" allowScriptAccess="sameDomain"

type="application/x-shockwave-flash"
pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" />
</object>

In this case, showcase/flash/ is the folder directory, while the fashionshow.swf is the SWF file
name.

3. Open the existing webpage page, and paste the <object> and <embed> tags into the
desired location in the body of the document. This can also be pasted into a table cell or
frame.

4. Edit the attributes of the tags for the movie.

Change the height and width parameters to match the height and width of the movie
dimensions or use percentage values, if desired.

5. Upload the HTML and SWF files to the same folder on the Web server.

SUMMARY

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 1. Multimedia comprises text, sound, graphics, image and video. Multimedia comes in many
different formats.
2. Pictures, music, sound, videos, records, films, animations are example of multimedia.
3. The first web browsers had support for text only, limited to a single font in a single color.
4. Plug-ins are the extra helper program of web browser.
5. MPEG, AVI, and WMV are example of common video format.
6. MIDI, RealAudio, and WMA are example of audio format.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks:

i. Multimedia comprises text, sound, ___________, image and video.

ii. MPEG developed by_____________.
iii. ____________tells the browser where to find the sound file.
iv. The parameter auto play is similar to _____________ just used by other web browser.
v. _____________ is visual HTML editor with built in objects that allow you to easily
insert Flash content.
B. State true or false:

i. The first web browser had support for flash only.

ii. AVI developed by Microsoft.
iii. To play audio file we place the source in href attribute.
iv. Plug – ins are extra format to play audio in web page.
v. WMA is example of audio format.

C. Short Answer Questions:

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Lesson-4
Web Scripting using JavaScript
You will learn

REVIEW OF JAVA SCRIPT OF CLASS IX

REVIEW OF JAVA SCRIPT OF CLASS IX  Variables & Operators
 If & Switch
 Iteration (Loops)
Variables & Operators
 Window Object
JavaScript Data Types: One of the most fundamental  Pop – Up Boxes –Alert,
Confirm Etc.
characteristics of a programming language is the set of
data types it supports. These are the type of values that FUNCTIONS –USER DEFINED
can be represented and manipulated in a programming  Function Definition
language.  Calling a Function
 Function Parameters
 Return Statement
JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive
String Object
data types:  Syntax
• Numbers eg. 123, 120.50 etc.  String Properties
 String Methods
• Strings of text e.g. "This text string" etc.  String HTML Wrappers
Math Object 35 |
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Array Properties
Array Methods
Event
What is an Event?
An click Event Type
 • Boolean e.g. true or false.
Java does not make a distinction between integer
values and floating-point values.
JavaScript Variables:
Variable is the stored memory location that can
hold a value in it. Variables are declared with the var
keyword. Storing a value in a variable is called variable
initialization.

Example:
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var name = "Ali";
var money;
money = 2000.50;
//-->
</script>

JavaScript Variable Scope:

The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript variable will
have only two scopes.

• Global Variables: A global variable has global scope which means it is defined everywhere in
your JavaScript code.
• Local Variables: A local variable will be visible only within a function where it is defined.
Function parameters are always local to that function.

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var myVar = "global"; // Declare a global variable
function checkscope( ) {
var myVar = "local"; // Declare a local variable
document.write(myVar);
}

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 //-->
</script>

This produces the following result: Local

JavaScript Variable Names:

While naming your variables in JavaScript keep following rules in mind.

• You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keyword as variable name.
• JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They must begin with a letter
or the underscore character.
• JavaScript variable names are case sensitive.

JavaScript Reserved Words:

The following are reserved words in JavaScript. They cannot be used as JavaScript variables,
functions, methods, loop labels, or any object names.

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 abstract else instanceof switch
boolean enum int synchronized
break export interface this
byte extends long throw
case false native throws
catch final new transient
char finally null true
class float package try
const for private typeof
continue function protected var
debugger goto public void
default if return volatile
delete implements short while
do import static with
double in super

Types of Operators: logical, arithmetic, relational

Operators: An Operator is a symbol that performs an operation. JavaScript language supports
following type of operators.
• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparision Operators
• Logical (or Relational) Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Conditional (or ternary) Operators

The Arithmetic Operators:

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:

Operator Description Example

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 + Adds two operands A + B will give 30

- Subtracts second operand from the first A - B will give -10

* Multiply both operands A * B will give 200

/ Divide numerator by denumerator B / A will give 2

% Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division B % A will give 0

++ Increment operator, increases integer value by one A++ will give 11

-- Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one A-- will give 9

The Logical Operators:

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:

Operator Description Example

&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are (A && B) is true.
non zero then then condition becomes true.

|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two (A || B) is true.

operands are non zero then then condition becomes
true.

! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the !(A && B) is false.
logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then
Logical NOT operator will make false.

The Comparison Operators:

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:

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 Operator Description Example

== Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if (A == B) is not true.
yes then condition becomes true.

!= Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if (A != B) is true.

values are not equal then condition becomes true.

> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the (A > B) is not true.
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes
true.

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value (A < B) is true.
of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or (A >= B) is not true.
equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition
becomes true.

<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to (A <= B) is true.
the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes
true.

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The Assignment Operators:

Operator Description Example

= Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from C = A + B will assign value of A +

right side operands to left side operand B into C

+= Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand C += A is equivalent to C = C + A

to the left operand and assign the result to left
operand

-= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A

operand from the left operand and assign the result to
left operand

*= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A

operand with the left operand and assign the result to
left operand

/= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A

operand with the right operand and assign the result
to left operand

%= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus C %= A is equivalent to C = C %

using two operands and assign the result to left A
operand

Decision Making using if & Switch

if...else Statements: While writing a program, you need to make use of conditional statements that
allow your program to make correct decisions and perform right actions.

JavaScript supports following forms of if..else statement:

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 • if statement
• if...else statement
• if...else if... statement.

if statement:

The if statement allows JavaScript to make decisions and execute statements conditionally.

Syntax:

if (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}

Example:

<script type="text/javascript">
var age = 20;
if( age > 18 ){
document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");
}
</script>

This will produce following result:

Qualifies for driving

if...else statement:

The if...else statement is the next form of control statement that allows JavaScript to execute
statements in more controlled way i.e to choose from given options.

Syntax:

if (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}else{
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is false
}

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Example:

<script type="text/javascript">
var age = 15;
if( age > 18 ){
document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");
}else{
document.write("<b>Does not qualify for driving</b>");
}
</script>

This will produce following result:

Does not qualify for driving

if...else if... statement: The if...else if... statement allows JavaScript to make correct decision out of
several conditions.
Syntax:
if (expression 1){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true
}else if (expression 2){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true
}else if (expression 3){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true
}else{
Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true
}
Example:

<script type="text/javascript">
var book = "maths";
if( book == "history" ){
document.write("<b>History Book</b>");
}else if( book == "maths" ){
document.write("<b>Maths Book</b>");
}else if( book == "economics" ){
document.write("<b>Economics Book</b>");
}else{
document.write("<b>Unknown Book</b>");
}
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 </script>

This will produce following result:

Maths Book

Switch Case: You can use multiple if...else if statements, to perform a multiway branch. However,
this is not always the best solution, especially when all of the branches depend on the value of a
single variable.
Syntax:The basic syntax of the switch statement is to give an expression to evaluate and several
different statements to execute based on the value of the
expression. The interpreter checks each case against the switch (expression)
value of the expression until a match is found. If nothing {
matches, a default condition will be used. case condition 1: statement(s)
The break statements indicate to the interpreter the break;
end of that particular case. If they were omitted, the case condition 2: statement(s)

interpreter would continue executing each statement in each break;

of the following cases. ...

case condition n: statement(s)
break;
default: statement(s)
}

Example: Following example illustrates a basic Switch case:

<script type="text/javascript">
var grade='A';
document.write("Entering switch block<br />");

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 switch (grade)
{
case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");
break;

case 'B': document.write("Pretty good<br />");

break;
case 'C': document.write("Passed<br />");
break;
case 'D': document.write("Not so good<br />");
break;
case 'F': document.write("Failed<br />");
break;
default: document.write("Unknown grade<br />")
}
document.write("Exiting switch block");
</script>

This will produce following result:

Entering switch block

Good job
Exiting switch block

Example:Consider a case if you do not use break statement:

<script type="text/javascript">
var grade='A';
document.write("Entering switch block<br />");
switch (grade)
{
case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");
case 'B': document.write("Pretty good<br />");
case 'C': document.write("Passed<br />");
case 'D': document.write("Not so good<br />");
case 'F': document.write("Failed<br />");
default: document.write("Unknown grade<br />")
}
document.write("Exiting switch block");
</script>

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This will produce following result:

Entering switch block

Good job
Pretty good
Passed
Not so good
Failed
Unknown grade
Exiting switch block

Iteration – Loops
A loop is a block of code that allows you to repeat a section of code a certain number of times;
perhaps changing certain variable values each time the code is executed.

This not only saves you the time and trouble of repeatedly typing the same lines of code, but also
avoids typing errors in the repeated lines.

JavaScript allows you to use the for, while, and do while loops.

 For loop: Structure of a for Loop

for (initialization; test condition; iteration statement) This line determines how many times the loop will
run
{

JavaScript Code Here The JavaScript code for the loop will be inside the brackets here

Parts of for loop are:

1. Initialization: Here we initialize our counter to a starting value. The initialization statement is
executed before the loop begins.
2. Test condition: If condition is true then code given inside the loop will be executed otherwise
loop will come out.
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 3. Iteration statement: The iteration statement where you can increase or decrease your
counter.

Example: JavaScript to write a sentence to the page 5 times

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
for (var count=1;count<6;count+=1) {
document.write("I am part of a loop!<br />");
}
//-->
</script>

This will produce following result:

I am part of a loop!
I am part of a loop!
I am part of a loop!
I am part of a loop!
I am part of a loop!

 While loop:
syntax : initialization;

while( condition )

{ JavaScript Code Here;

Update expression;

Example:

A variable is assigned a value to count the loop

var count=1;
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The count variable is adjusted so that you do not have an endless

loop
 while (count<6)

JavaScript Code Here

count++;

Program to print
5 numbers using
a <script type="text/javascript"> basic while
var count = 1;
loop:
document.write("Starting Loop" + "<br />");
while (count <= 5)
{
document.write("Number : " + count + "<br />");
count++;
}
document.write("Loop stopped!");
</script>

This will produce following result:

Starting Loop
Number : 1
Number : 2
Number : 3
Number : 4
Number : 5
Loop stopped!

Window Object
The window object represents an open window in a browser.

If a document contain frames (<iframe> tags), the browser creates one window object for the HTML
document, and one additional window object for each frame.
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Some common Window Object Methods:

alert() Displays an alert box with a message and an OK button

blur() Removes focus from the current window

close() Closes the current window

confirm() Displays a dialog box with a message and an OK and a Cancel button

focus() Sets focus to the current window

getSelection() Returns a Selection object representing the range of text selected by the user

moveTo() Moves a window to the specified position

open() Opens a new browser window

print() Prints the content of the current window

prompt() Displays a dialog box that prompts the visitor for input

resizeBy() Resizes the window by the specified pixels

scrollBy() Scrolls the document by the specified number of pixels

stop() Stops the window from loading

Popup Boxes – alert, confirm etc.

JavaScript supports three important types of dialog boxes. These dialog boxes can be used to raise
and alert, or to get confirmation on any input or to have a kind of input from the users.

 Alert Dialog Box:

An alert dialog box is mostly used to give a warning message to the users.

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function Warn()

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 {
alert("This is a warning message!");
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="Warn();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Nonetheless, an alert box can still be used for friendlier messages. Alert box gives only one button
"OK" to select and proceed.

On clicking button, ‘Click Me’ an alert

window appears.

 Confirmation Dialog Box:

A confirmation dialog box is mostly used to take user's consent on any option. It displays a dialog box
with two buttons: OK and Cancel.

If the user clicks on OK button the window method confirm() will return true. If the user clicks on the
Cancel button confirm() returns false. You can use confirmation dialog box as follows:

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 <html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function getConfirmation(){
var retVal = confirm("Do you want to continue ?");
if( retVal == true ){
alert("User wants to continue!");
return true;
}else{
alert("User does not want to continue!");
return false;
}
}
//-->
</script>

</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="getConfirmation();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output will appear on the screen.

On clicking button ‘Click Me’ a confirmation, dialog

box appears.

 Prompt Dialog Box

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The prompt dialog box is very useful when you want to pop-up a text box to get user input. Thus it
enable you to interact with the user. The user needs to fill in the field and then click OK.

This dialog box is displayed using a method called prompt() which takes two parameters (i) A label
which you want to display in the text box (ii) A default string to display in the text box.

This dialog box with two buttons: OK and Cancel. If the user clicks on OK button the window
method prompt() will return entered value from the text box. If the user clicks on the Cancel button the
window method prompt() returns null.

You can use prompt dialog box as follows:

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">

function getValue(){

var retVal = prompt("Enter your name : ", "your name here");

alert("You have entered : " + retVal );
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="getValue();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output will appear on the screen.

On clicking button ‘Click Me’ prompt dialog box will appear on the screen.

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FUNCTIONS –USER DEFINED

A function is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your programme. This
eliminates the need of writing same code again and again. This will help programmers to write
modular code. You can divide your big programme in a number of small and manageable functions.

Function Definition:

The most common way to define a function in JavaScript is by using the function keyword, followed
by a unique function name, a list of parameters (that might be empty), and a statement block
surrounded by curly braces.
The basic syntax is
shown here:

Example:

A simple function that takes no parameters called sayHello is defined here:

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 <script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello()
{
alert("Hello there");
}
//-->
</script>

Calling a Function:

To invoke a function , you would simple need to write the name of that function as follows:

<script type="text/javascript">

<!--

sayHello();

//-->

</script>

Function Parameters:
We can pass different parameters while calling a function. These passed parameters can be captured
inside the function and any manipulation can be done over those parameters.
A function can take multiple parameters separated by comma.

Example: Let us do a bit modification in our sayHello function. This time it will take two parameters:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello(name, age)
{
alert( name + " is " + age + " years old.");
}
//-->
</script>

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Note: We are using + operator to concatenate string and number all together. JavaScript does not
mind in adding numbers into strings.Now we can call this function as follows:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
sayHello('Zara', 7 );
//-->
</script>

The return Statement

A JavaScript function can have an optional return statement. This is required if you want to return a
value from a function. This statement should be the last statement in a function.

For example you can pass two numbers in a function and then you can expect from the function to
return their multiplication in your calling program.

Example:

This function takes two parameters and concatenates them and return resultant in the calling
program:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function concatenate(first, last)
{

var full;

full = first + last;

return full;
}
//-->
</script>

Now we can call this function as follows:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var result;

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 result = concatenate('Zara', 'Ali');
alert(result );
//-->
</script>

String Object

JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. A programming language can be

called object-oriented if it provides four basic capabilities to developers:

• Encapsulation . the capability to store related information, whether data or methods, together in
an object
• Aggregation . the capability to store one object inside of another object
• Inheritance . the capability of a class to rely upon another class (or number of classes) for use
of its properties and methods
• Polymorphism . the capability to write one function or method that works in a variety of different
ways

The String object let's you work with a series of characters and wraps Javascript's string primitive
data type with a number of helper methods.

Syntax : var val = new String(string)

Example:
var guitar_string = new String("Gagan");

OR

var val = string;

Example:
var s1= “Gagan”;

String Properties

Here is a list of each property and their description.

Property Description

length Returns the length of the string.

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EXAMPLE:

<body>

<script type="text/javascript">

var myname="John";

document.write("The name has "+myname.length+" characters.");

</script>

</body>

Result is :

The name has 4 characters.

String Methods

Here is a list of each method and its description.

Method Description

charAt() Returns the character at the specified index.

concat() Combines the text of two strings and returns a new

string.

substr() Returns the characters in a string beginning at the

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 specified location through the specified number of
characters.

substring() Returns the characters in a string between two

indexes into the string.

toLowerCase() Returns the calling string value converted to lower

case.

toString() Returns a string representing the specified object.

toUpperCase() Returns the calling string value converted to

uppercase.

Example:

var str1= new String("Gagan");

var str2 = new String("Sagan");
document .write(concat(str1,str2));

Result is : GaganSagan

String HTML Wrappers

Here is a list of each method, which returns a copy of the string wrapped inside the appropriate HTML
tag.

Method Description

big() Creates a string to be displayed in a big font as if it were in a <big> tag.

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 blink() Creates a string to blink as if it were in a <blink> tag.

bold() Creates a string to be displayed as bold as if it were in a <b> tag.

fontcolor() Causes a string to be displayed in the specified color as if it were in a <font

color="color"> tag.

fontsize() Causes a string to be displayed in the specified font size as if it were in a <font
size="size"> tag.

italics() Causes a string to be italic, as if it were in an <i> tag.

link() Creates an HTML hypertext link that requests another URL.

small() Causes a string to be displayed in a small font, as if it were in a <small> tag.

strike() Causes a string to be displayed as struck-out text, as if it were in a <strike> tag.

Example:
var text = "I am so mad I am red!";
document.write(text.fontcolor("red"));

This script places the following code into the page source:
<font color="red">I am so mad I am red!</font>

Result is: I am so mad I am red!

Math Object

The math object provides you properties and methods for mathematical constants and functions.

Syntax

var variablename = mathfunction;

Example:
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 var pi_val = Math.PI; // pi_val =3.14159
var sq = Math.SQRT2; // sq = 1.414

Math Properties

Here is a list of each property and their description.

Property Description

PI Ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, approximately 3.14159.

SQRT2 Square root of 2, approximately 1.414.

Math Methods

Here is a list of each method and its description.

Method Description

abs() Returns the absolute value of a number.

max() Returns the largest of zero or more numbers.

min() Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.

pow() Returns base to the exponent power, that is, base exponent.

random() Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 1.

round() Returns the value of a number rounded to the nearest integer.

sqrt() Returns the square root of a number.

Example :

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 var num =4;
document .write(“ SQURE ROOT OF NUM = “+ sqrt(num) );

Result is : SQURE ROOT OF NUM = 2

Event

What is an Event?

An occurance of an activity is called an event.

When the page loads, that is an event. When the user clicks a button, that click, too, is an event.
Another example of events are like pressing any key, closing window, resizing window etc.

On click Event Type

This is the most frequently used event type which occurs when a user clicks mouse left button. You
can put your validation, warning etc against this event type.

Example:

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>

This will produce following result and when you click Hello button then onclick event will occur
which will trigger sayHello() function.

On Submit Event Type

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Another most important event type is on submit. This event occurs when you try to submit a form. So
you can put your form validation against this event type.

Example:

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function validation() {
all validation goes here
.........
return either true or false
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form method="POST" action="t.cgi" onsubmit="return validate()">
.......
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

On Mouseover & On Mouseout

The onmouseover event occurs when you bring your mouse over any element and theonmouseout
occurs when you take your mouse out from that element.

Example: Following example shows how a division reacts when we bring our mouse in that division:

<html>
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 <head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function over() {
alert("Mouse Over");
}
function out() {
alert("Mouse Out");
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div onmouseover="over()" onmouseout="out()">
<h2> This is inside the division </h2>
</div>
</body>
</html>

HTML 4 Standard Events

The standard HTML 4 events are listed here for your reference. Here script indicates a Javascript
function to be executed agains that event.

Event Value Description

onchange script Script runs when the element changes

onsubmit script Script runs when the form is submitted

onreset script Script runs when the form is reset

onclick script Script runs when a mouse click

onmouseout script Script runs when mouse pointer moves

out of an element

onmouseover script Script runs when mouse pointer moves

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 over an element

SUMMARY
1. One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the set of data
types it supports.
2. Variable is the stored memory location that can hold a value in it. Variables are declared with
the var keyword.
3. The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript variable
have only two scopes: Global and Local Variables
4. Global Variables is a global variable has global scope which means it is defined everywhere
in your JavaScript code.
5. Local Variables is a local variable will be visible only within a function where it is defined.
6. An Operator is a symbol that performs an operation. JavaScript language supports Arithmetic,
Comparison, Logical, Assignment, and Conditional Operators.
7. The if statement allows JavaScript to make decisions and execute statements conditionally.
8. The if...else statement is the next form of control statement that allows JavaScript to execute
statements in more controlled way i.e to choose from given options.
9. if...else if... statement: The if...else if... statement allows JavaScript to make correct decision
out of several conditions.
10. Switch case is one of the alternate of multiple if. Else…if…
11. A loop is a block of code that allows you to repeat a section of code a certain number of times;
perhaps changing certain variable values each time the code is executed.
12. The window object represents an open window in a browser
13. A confirmation dialog box is mostly used to take user's consent on any option. It displays a
dialog box with two buttons: OK and Cancel.
14. The prompt dialog box is very useful when you want to pop-up a text box to get user input.
Thus it enable you to interact with the user. The user needs to fill in the field and then click OK.

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 15. A function is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your programme. This
eliminates the need of writing same code again and again.
16. The math object provides you properties and methods for mathematical constants and
functions
17. An occurance of an activity is called an event.

18. The onmouseover event occurs when you bring your mouse over any element and
theonmouseout occurs when you take your mouse out from that element.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks:

i. _____________ is the stored memory location that can hold value in it.
ii. _____________ cannot be used as variable.
iii. An __________ is a symbol that performs an operation.
iv. ___________control statement allows JavaScript to execute statement in more
controlled way.
v. ____________is one of the alternate of multiple if….else….if.
vi. The _____________ object represents an open window in a browser.
vii. ____________ is mostly used to give warning message to the users.
viii. ____________ is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your
program.
ix. ___________keyword is used to define function in JavaScript.
x. The _____________object provides you properties and methods for mathematical
constants and functions.
B. State true or false:

i. The onmouseover event occurs when you take out your mouse out from that
element.
ii. An occurrence of an activity is called event.
iii. Pow( ) method returns base to the exponent power.
iv. Encapsulation is the capability of a class to rely upon another class for use of its
properties and methods.
v. JavaScript function can have a optional return statement.

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 vi. We are using * operator to concatenate string.

C. Short Answer Questions:

i. What is data type in JavaScript?

ii. What data type support JavaScript?
iii. What is variable? What are the types of variable?
iv. Write one difference between Local variable and Global variable.?
v. What do you mean by Reserved word?
vi. What is operator? What operator support JavaScript?
vii. Give your reason why the following operators are used:
a) Arithmetic Operator
b) Logical Operator
c) Comparison Operator
viii. Write syntax for the following:
a) If else if statement.
b) Switch case
c) For loop
ix. What is window object? Write some common window object methods.
x. Write one difference between Confirmation Dialog Box and Prompt Dialog Box.
xi. What is function? Give one example of it.
xii. What is the use of return statement in function?
xiii. Write short notes on:
a) Encapsulation
b) Aggregation
c) Inheritance
d) Polymorphism
xiv. What is string object in JavaScript?
xv. What is event? Write about Onclick event type with example.

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Lesson-5
Operating Web based application

You will learn

E-GOVERANCE
E-GOVERANCE
What is E-Governance?  What is E-Governance
 Major E- Governance Projects
E-GOVERNANCE refers to the application of electronic means in India
in governance with an aim of fulfilling the requirements of common  Societal Imports of E-
Governance
man at affordable costs and in fastest possible time. E-BUSSINESS
Major E- Governance Projects in India  What is E- Business
 Major E- Business Portals
1. MCA 21 ,India’s prestigious G2B services Portal  Societal Impacts of E-
Business
(URL: www.mca.gov.in)
E- LEARNING
2. Consular passport and VISA Division  What is E- Learning?
(Indian Passport Office)( URL: http://passport.gov.in)  Major E- Learning Sites
 Societal Impacts of E-
3. Income Tax Portal (URL: http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in) Learning.
4. National Portal of India (URL: http://www.india.gov.in)
5. DRDO(URL : http://www.drdo.nic.in)
6. Supreme Court of India
(URL : http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in)
7. Indian Courts (URL: http://www.indiancourts.nic.in)
8. RTI Portal (URL:http://www.rti.gov.in)

Societal Impacts of E- Governance

Positive Impacts:

1. Improve efficiency of administration and service delivery.

2. Reduce waiting time.

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 3. Reduce cost of availing the services.
4. Keep a tab on corruption to some extent.
5. Increased public participation.
6. Increase transparency & increased accountability of government offices

Negative Impacts:

1. People living in rural & remote areas face lack of computerization.

2. Not all services are part of E-governance so manual methods are used.
3. Lack of awareness prevented people to benefit.
4. Incompatibility of software & hardware.
5. Websites are slow & needs improvement.

E-BUSSINESS

What is E- Business?

E-BUSINESS refers to any form of transaction that uses an electronic medium to facilitate the
transaction.

Major E- Business Portals

1. IRCTC portal (URL: http://www.irctc.co.in)

2. Online Reservation site Yatra .com(URL: http://www.yatra.com)

3. Life Insurance Cooperation of India (URL: http://www.licindia.com)

4. State Bank of India (URL: http://www.statebankofindia.com)

5. Online store Amazon.com (URL:http://www.amazon.com)

Societal Impacts of E- Business

Positive Impacts

1. Increase in internet users

2. Middle class attracted towards low cost flights
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 3. Change in online shopping habits
4. Increase in online payments

Negative Impacts

1. Poor telecom & infrastructure for reliable connectivity

2. Multiple issues of trust
3. Multiple gaps in the current legal & regulatory frame work

E- LEARNING

What is E- Learning?

E-LEARNING is a flexible term used to describe a means of teaching through technology such
as a network, browser, CDROM or DVD multimedia platforms.

Major E- Learning Sites

1. Moodle portal (http://www.moodle.org)

2. W3Schools (http://www.w3schools.com)
3. eXe Project (http://www.exelearning.org)
4. Xerte Project (http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/xerte)

Societal Impacts of E- Learning.

Positive Impacts

1. Availability of same course to millions.

2. Boon for Working class.
3. Apprehensive Employers.

Negative Impacts

1. People living in rural & remote areas face lack of computerization.

2. Lack of awareness prevented people to benefit.
3. Cultural differences obstruct the true aim of E-Learning.
4. High dropout rate.

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 Check Your Progress

Short Answer Questions

Q.1 What are Functions?
Q.2 What is the need of function?
Q.3 Define: a) Function Call b) Function definition
Q.4 What are parameters in functions?
Q.5 What is the significance of return statement ?

Multiple Choice Questions

Which Keyword should be used to write functions?
Q.1
A) var B) String C) function D) return
Q.2 Where should you write the Return statement in a function?
A) Beginning B) Ending C) Middle D) nowhere
Q.3 What are the disadvantages of functions?
A) Reduced time B) Reduced Efforts C) repetition of code D) complexity
Q.4 How many values are returned by the function?
A) one B) two C) Zero D) NULL
How can we separate the list of function parameters in the function definition?
Q.5
A) by commas B) by colon C) by semi colon D) by opeartor

True or False
Q.1 The return statement can return two values from a function at a time.
Q.2 A function can take multiple parameters separated by comma.

Q.3 A function is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your programme.

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