Square Root

& Cube Root

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 Square Root & Cube Root
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
Consider 25, which can be expressed as 5 × 5 = 52.
Likewise, 81 can be expressed as 9 × 9 = 92 etc. All such
numbers that can be expressed as the product of the
number with itself are known as square numbers. In
general, if a natural number n can be expressed as x2,
where x is also a natural number, then n is a square
number.
The following table shows the squares of numbers
from 1 to 20.
Number Square Number Square
1 1 11 121
2 4 12 144
3 9 13 169
4 16 14 196
5 25 15 225
6 36 16 256
7 49 17 289
8 64 18 324
9 81 19 361
10 100 20 400

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(i) Properties of Square Numbers:
I1. A square number always ends with either 0, 1, 4,
5, 6 or 9 at unit’s place. And never ends with 2, 3,
7 or 8 at unit’s place.
2. If a number has 1 or 9 in the unit’s place, then its
square ends in 1. If unit’s place is 2 or 8, square
ends with 4. If unit’s place ends with 3 or 7,
square ends with 9. If unit’s place ends with 4 or
6, square ends with 6. In case of unit’s place is 0
or 5, it ends with 0 or 5 respectively.
3. If digital roots are 2, 3, 5, 6, or 8 then number
never be a perfect square number . You might
already be familiar with computing digital roots.
(To find digital root of a number, add all its digits.
If this sum is more than 9, add the digits of this
sum. The single digit obtained at the end is the
digital root of the number.)
4. If unit digit ends in 5, ten’s digit never be other
then 2.
5. If unit ends in 6, ten’s digit never be even (2, 4, 6,
8, 0).

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6. If unit ends in 1, 4, and 9 the ten’s digit never be
odd (1,3,5,7,9).
7. If number of zero at end of the any number is
odd then number never be a perfect square
number.
(ii) Some More Interesting Patterns

1. Numbers between square numbers

Consider,
1 4 9 16 25
17, 18, 19,
10, 11, 12,
2, 3 5, 6, 7, 8 20, 21, 22,
13, 14, 15
23, 24
2 4 6
8 numbers
numbers numbers numbers

By observation, we can say that there are 2n non-

perfect square numbers between any two consecutive
square numbers, n and n + 1. So, we can say that
between 25 (= 52) and 36 (= 62), there will be 2 × 5 = 10
non-perfect square number.

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2. Adding odd numbers
Consider the following
1 = 1 = 12
1 + 3 = 4 = 22
1 + 3 + 5 = 9 = 32
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = 42
And so on.
By observation, we can say that the sum of first n odd
natural numbers is n2.
3. A sum of consecutive natural numbers
Consider the following
32 = 9 = 4 + 5
52 = 25 = 12 + 13
72 = 49 = 24 + 25
92 = 81 = 40 + 41
112 = 121 = 60 + 61
152 = 225 = 112 + 113
We can express the square of any odd number (except
1) as the sum of two consecutive positive integers.

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4. Product of two consecutive even or odd
natural numbers
Consider, 11 × 13 = 143 = 122 – 1 = (12 – 1) × (12 + 1).
Similarly, 18 × 20 = (19 – 1) × (19 + 1) = 192 – 1
So, in general we can say that (a + 1) × (a – 1) = a2 – 1.
5. Some additional patterns in square numbers
Observe the squares of numbers; 1, 11, 111 ... etc.
12 = 1
112 = 1 2 1
1112 = 1 2 3 2 1
11112 = 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
This gives a unique pattern.

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SQUARE ROOTS

Consider a number 225 is given and we have to find

that this number is square of which number.
Now, 225 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 = 15 × 15 = 15 2. So, we can say
that 15 is the square root of number 225.
Finding square root through prime factorization

Prime factorization of a Prime factorization of its

Number Square
10 = 2 × 5 100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
18 = 2 × 3 × 3 324 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
21 = 3 × 7 441 = 3 × 3 × 7 × 7

We can observe that for each prime factor in the given

number, we have twice the number of times the same
factor occurs in the prime factorization of the square
of that number.
Let’s try finding the square root of a given number, say
1764.
The prime factorization of 1764 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 =
22 × 32 × 72 = (2 × 3 × 7)2 = 422
So, = 2 × 3 × 7 = 42.

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CUBES

Consider the numbers 1, 8, 27, 64 and so on. These

numbers are known as perfect cubes or cube
numbers as each of them is obtained when a number
is multiplied by itself three times.
By observation, 1 = 1 × 1 × 1 = 13, 8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23, 27 =
3 × 3 × 3 = 33 etc.
Consider, 128 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 2 7 is not a
perfect cube number.
Following table shows the cubes of numbers from 1 to
20.
Number Cube Number Cube
1 1 11 1331
2 8 12 1728
3 27 13 2197
4 64 14 2744
5 125 15 3375
6 216 16 4096
7 343 17 4913
8 512 18 5832
9 729 19 6859
10 1000 20 8000

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(i) Some interesting patterns

1. Adding consecutive odd numbers

Consider the following pattern of sums of odd
numbers.
1 = 1 = 13
3 + 5 = 8 = 23
7 + 9 + 11 = 27 = 33
13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 64 = 43
21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 = 125 = 53
2. Perfect Cubes and their prime factors
Consider the prime factorization of the numbers and
their cubes.
Prime factorization Prime factorization of its cube
of the number
8=2×2×2 83= 512 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
× 2 = 29
14 = 2 × 7 143= 2744 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 23×
73
21 = 3 × 7 213= 9261 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 33×
73
25 = 5 × 5 253= 15625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 56

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We can observe that each prime factor of a number
appears three times or multiple of three times in the
prime factorization of its cube.
(ii) Smallest multiple that is a perfect cube
Illustration 1:
Is 1080 a perfect cube? If not, then find the smallest
natural number, by which should 1080 be divided so
that the quotient is a perfect cube?
Sol. 1080 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5. The prime factor 5
does not appear in a group of three. So, 1080 is
not a perfect cube.
In the factorization of 1080, 5 appears only one
time. If we divide the number by 5, then the
prime factorization of the quotient will not
contain 5. So, 1080 ÷ 5 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3.
Hence the smallest number by which 1080
should be divided to make it a perfect cube is 5.
The perfect cube in that case is 216.

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Illustration 2:
Is 6534 a perfect cube? If not, by which smallest natural
number should 6534 be divided so that the quotient is
a perfect cube?
Sol. 6534 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 11 × 11. The prime factors 2
and 11 do not appear in groups of three. So,
6534 is not a perfect cube. In the factorization of
6534 the prime number 2 appears only once and
the prime 11 appears two times. So, if we divide
6534 by 2 × 11 × 11 = 242, then the prime
factorization of the quotient will not contain 2
and 11.
Hence the smallest natural number by which
6534 should be divided to make it a perfect cube
is 242. And the resulting perfect cube is 6534 ÷
242 = 27
Illustration 3:
Is 1800 a perfect cube? If not, find the smallest number
by which 1800 must be multiplied to get a perfect
cube.
Sol. We have, 1800 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5. In this
factorization, we find that there is no triplet of 3

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 and 5. So, 1800 is not a perfect cube. To make it a
perfect cube we multiply it by 3 × 5.
Thus, 1800 × 3 × 5 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 ×
5 = 27000, which is a perfect cube.
(iii) Cube Roots

Consider a number 3375 is given and we have to find

that this number is cube of which number.
Now, 3375 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 15 × 15 × 15 = 15 3.
So, we can say that 15 is the cube root of number
3375.
(iv) Cube root through prime factorization method

Consider 9261. We find its cube root by prime

factorization:
9261 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 33 × 73 = (3 × 7)3
Therefore, cube root of 9261 = 3 × 7 = 21

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Solved Examples:
Ex 1: Find the square root of 8100.
Sol. Write 8100 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5.
Therefore √8100 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 90
Ex 2: Is 180 a perfect square?
Sol. We have 180 = 2  2 × 3 × 3 × 5. The prime factor
5 does not occur in pairs. Therefore, 180 is not a
perfect square. That 180 is not a perfect square
can also be seen from the fact that it has only
one zero.
Ex 3: Which of the following is a perfect square
number?
1. 17343 2. 98935 3. 87566 4. 29216
Sol. Number 17343 end with 3, so not a perfect
square number.
Number 98935 ends in 5, ten’s digit is 3, so not a
perfect square number.
Number 87566 ends in 6, ten’s digit is even, so
not a perfect square number.
Hence 1st 3 options rejected so ,4th option is
correct.

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Ex 4: Is 3920 a perfect square? If not, find the smallest
multiple of 3920 which is a perfect square. Find
the square root of the new number.
Sol. We have 3920 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 × 7. As the
prime factor 5 has no pair, 3920 is not a perfect
square. If 5 gets a pair, then the number will
become perfect square. So, we multiply 3920 by
5 to get, 3920 × 5 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7
Now each prime factor has its pair. Therefore,
3920  5 = 19600 is a perfect square. Thus, the
required smallest multiple of 3920 is 19600 which
is a perfect square.
And, √19600 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 = 140
Ex 5: Find the smallest number by which 4032 must be
divided so that the quotient is a perfect square.
Find the square root of the quotient.
Sol. We have, 4032 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7. If
we divide 4032 by 7, then we get 4032 ÷ 7 = 576 =
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 which is a perfect
square.
Therefore, the required smallest number is 7.
And, √576= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24.

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Ex 6: In a class each of the students contributed as
many paise as there are number of students. If
the total collection was Rs. 900, what was the
number of students in the class?
1.90 2.30 3. 300 4. None of these
Sol. Let there be x students and they contributed x
paisa each.
So x2 = 90000. So x = 300. So there are 300
students.
Ex 7: A general wishes to draw up his 4385 soldiers in
the form of a perfect square. After arranging
them, he found that some of them are left out.
Find minimum no of soldiers left out.
Sol. Clearly 4385 is between 652 & 702
652 =4225 and 702=4900
662=4356
672=4489
So smaller perfect square number
to 4385 is 4356.
So, it is 662= 4356
Left out =4385 - 4356=29.

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Ex 8: What is the square root of 99999?
1. 304.23 2. 316.22 3. 326.21 4. 336.20
Sol. Clearly 99999 is between 3002 & 3502
3102 =96100 and 3202=102400
99999 is between 3102 & 3202
So, square root of 99999 = 316.22 approximately.
Hence 2nd option
Ex 9: Find the cube root of 27000.
Sol. Prime factorization of 27000 is 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 ×
3 × 5 × 5 × 5.
So, cube root of 27000 = 2 × 3 × 5 = 30
Ex10: Find the cube root of 42875 by prime
factorization method.
Sol. 42875 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7. Therefore, cube root
of 42875 = 5 × 7 = 35

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INDICES & EXPONENTS
Exponents and Powers
The distance between the earth and sun is
approximately 150,000,000 km, which can be more
conveniently written as 1.5 × 108 km using exponents.
We read 108 as 10 raised to the power 8, where 10 is
the base and 8 is the exponent.
Likewise, 35 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 and 3m = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × ...
(m times)
(i) Powers with Negative Exponents
We know that,
102 = 10 × 10 = 100,
100
101 = 10 i.e., ,
10
100 = 1 i.e., 100
10  10

10-1 = ?
1
Continuing the above pattern we get, 10-1 = as the
10
exponent decreases by 1, the value becomes one-tenth
of the previous value.

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 10-2 =
1 1 1 1 1
Similarly, ÷ 10 = × =  2
10 10 10 100 10

We have, 10-2 = or 102 =

1 1
10 2 10  2
1 1
10-3 = 3
or 103 = 3
10 10
1 1
5-2 = 2 or 52 = 2
5 5
In general, we can say that for any non-zero integer a,
1
a-m = m
, where m is a positive integer. a-m is the
a
multiplicative inverse of am.
(ii) Laws of Exponents
For non-zero integers a and b and m and n are
integers.
1. am × an= am+n,
am
2.  a mn
an
3. (am)n = amn
4. am × bm =(ab)m
m
am  a 
5.  
bm  b 
6. a0 = 1

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Solved Examples:

Ex 1: Find the value of:

(i) 3-3
1
(ii)
4 2

Sol: (i) 3-3 =

1 1
=
33 27

= 42 = 4 × 4 = 16
1
(ii)
4 2

Ex 2: Simplify: (i) (– 2)4 × (– 2)-11 (ii) 33 ÷ 3-4

Sol: (i) (– 2)4 × (– 2)-11= (– 2)(4 – 11)

= (– 2)-7 = 1
( 2 ) 7

(using am× an= am+n, a-m =

1
,)
am
m
(ii) 33 ÷ 3-4 = 33 – (-4) = 37 (using a n  a mn )
a

Ex 3: Express 8-4 as a power with the base 2.

Sol: We have, 8 = 2  2 × 2 = 23.
Therefore, 8-4 = (2  2 × 2)-4 = (23)-4 = 23 × (– 4) = 2– 12
[(am)n = amn]

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Ex 4: Find m so that (–5)2m – 1 × (–5)5 = (–5)6
Sol: (–5)2m – 1 × (–5)5 = (–5)6  (–5)2m - 1+ 5 = (–5)6(–5)2m
+4
= (–5)6
On both sides, powers have the same base, so
their exponents must be equal. Therefore, 2m + 4
= 6 or 2m = 6 – 4 = 2. So, m = 1
3
3
Ex 5: Find the value of  
5
3
3 33 53 125
Sol:     
5 5 3 33 27

Ex 6: Find the value of (2-1 × 5-1) ÷ 4-1

1 1 2
Sol:   4 
2 5 5
Ex 7: Find k, if (3)4k +4 × (3)3k ÷ (3)-3 = (3)14
Sol: (3)4k +4 × (3)3k ÷ (3)-3 = (3)14
 (3)4k + 4 + 3k +3 = (3)14
Comparing powers 7k + 7 = 14 ⇒ k = 1

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