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The document discusses various aspects of multimedia computing, focusing on graphics and image data types, including bitmap formats, image resolution, and color depth. It explains different image types such as 1-bit black and white, 8-bit gray-level, and 24-bit color images, along with their file size calculations and storage requirements. Additionally, it covers concepts like spatial resolution, gray-level resolution, and the use of color look-up tables (CLUT) for efficient image representation.

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99aminamohammed
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2 views

Lesson

The document discusses various aspects of multimedia computing, focusing on graphics and image data types, including bitmap formats, image resolution, and color depth. It explains different image types such as 1-bit black and white, 8-bit gray-level, and 24-bit color images, along with their file size calculations and storage requirements. Additionally, it covers concepts like spatial resolution, gray-level resolution, and the use of color look-up tables (CLUT) for efficient image representation.

Uploaded by

99aminamohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multimedia Computing

By
Dr. Fadwa Al Azzo
[email protected]
Graphics/Image Data Types

 The number of file formats used in multimedia continues to proliferate. .


Image Presentation

 Bitmap: The two-dimensional array of pixel values that represents the graphics/image data.

 Image resolution: refers to the number of pixels in a digital image (higher resolution always yields better
quality).

 File size = width x height x #of Bytes PerPixel

 Fairly high resolution for such an image might be 1600 x 1200 (1.92M), whereas lower resolution might be
640 x 480 (0.3M).

 Quantization = Number of bits per pixel

 Frame buffer: Hardware used to store bitmap.

• Video card (actually a graphics card) is used for this purpose.


• The resolution of the video card does not have to match the desired resolution of the image, but if not
enough video card memory is available then the data has to be shifted around in RAM for display.
1-Bit Black and White Images

 Each pixel is stored as a single bit (0 or 1), also referred to as a


binary image.

 Such an image is also called a 1-bit monochrome image since it


contains no color.

 File size calculation


• Resolution: 640 x 480
• File size = 640 x 480 x 1/8 = 38.4 kB

Monochrome 1-bit Lena image.


8-Bit Gray-level Images

 Each pixel has a gray value between 0 and 255.

 Each pixel is represented by a single byte; e.g.,


a dark pixel might have a value of 10, and a
bright one might be 230.

 File size calculation


• Resolution: 640 x 480
• File size = 640 x 480 x 1 = 300 kB

 640 x 480 grayscale image requires 0.3M of


storage (640 x 480 = 307,200 Bytes).
Grayscale image of Lena.
 8-bit Gray Scale 1200 x 1600 image size: 1.92
MB
Spatial Resolution

 Spatial resolution is a term that


refers to the number of pixels
utilized in the construction of a
digital image.

 Images having higher spatial


resolution are composed of a greater
number of pixels than those of
lower spatial resolution.
Gray- Level Resolution

 Gray-level resolution
is a term that refers to the number of
shades of gray utilized in preparing the
image for display.

 Digital images having higher gray-level


resolution are composed of a larger
number of gray shades and are
displayed at a greater bit depth than
those of lower gray-level resolution.
Color Image Data Types

 The most common data types for graphics and image file formats- 24-bit color
and 8-bit color.

 Most image formats incorporate some variation of a compression technique


due to the large storage size of image files.

 Compression techniques can be classified into either lossless or lossy.


8-Bit Color Images

 Many systems can make use of 8 bits of


color information (the so-called “256
colors”) in producing a screen image.
24-bit Color Images
 In a color 24-bit image, each pixel is represented by three bytes, usually representing RGB.

• This format supports 256x256x256 possible combined colors, or a total of 16,777,216 possible colors.
• Storage penalty: 24-bit color image would require 921.6 kB of storage without any compression
(640x480).

 An important point: many 24-bit color images are actually stored as 32-bit images, with the extra byte of data
for each pixel used to store an alpha value representing special effect information (e.g., transparency).
• RGBA stands for red green blue alpha. While it is sometimes described as a color space, it is actually the three-
channel RGB color model supplemented with a 4th alpha channel.
Color Depth
The number of bits used to hold a screen pixel.
Also called "pixel depth" and "bit depth,"

The color depth is the maximum number of colors that can


be displayed.

True Color (24-bit color) is required for photorealistic


images and video, and modern graphics cards support this
bit depth.
Bits in mathematics:

The total number of combinations that can be made from bits,


would be like this.
This table shows different bits
per pixel and the amount of
color they contain.
Per Pixel or Per Subpixel

 The color depth of a screen can be referenced by the number of


bits in each subpixel or by the total bits per pixel.

 For example, 8-bit color and 24-bit color often mean the same
thing (see table).

 The 8-bit refers to each red, green, and blue subpixel,


while 24-bit means all three.

 Likewise, 10-bit color subpixels and 30-bit color pixels are the
same.
Higher Bit-depth Images

 More information about the scene being imaged can be gained by using more accuracy for
pixel depth (64 bits, say); or by using special cameras that view more than just three colors
(i.e., RGB).

• Could use invisible light (e.g., infra-red, ultraviolet) for security cameras: “dark flash”
Multispectral
• Use higher-dimensional medical images of skin (> 3-D) to diagnose skin carcinoma
• In satellite imaging, use high-D to obtain types of crop growth Hyperspectral

 Such images are called multispectral (more than 3 colors) or hyperspectral


(a great many image planes, say 224 colors for satellite imaging).
Color Look-Up Table (CLUT)

 A matrix of color data is searched in order to change a source set of colors to


a destination set.

 Color lookup tables (CLUTs) are found in graphics cards (display adapters)
in order to translate the colors in an image to the colors in the hardware.

 Store only the index of the CLUT for each pixel

 Look up the table to find the color (RGB) for the index

 CLUT needs to be built when converting 24-bit color images to 8-bit:


grouping similar colors (each group assigned a color entry)

 Possible for palette animation by changing the color map


Color Look-Up Table (CLUT)
 Basically, the image stores, not color, but instead just a set of bytes, each of which is actually an
index into a table with 3-byte values that specify the color for a pixel.

 If a pixel stores the value 25, the meaning is to go to row 25 in a Color Lookup Table (CLUT) .
Indexed Color

 A method of compressing an image that enables


8 bits per pixel to look almost as good as 24 bits
per pixel.

 The technique determines the 256 most


frequently used colors in the image and creates a
color lookup table, also called a "color map" or
"color palette," that is stored with the image.

 Rather than each pixel in the image having all


three RGB colors (one 8-bit red, one 8-bit green,
and one 8-bit blue), each pixel contains one 8-bit
number that indexes into the 256-color lookup
table, which contains the RGB values (see
illustration).
Color Look-Up Table (CLUT)

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