PLOTTING OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS, MAXIMA-MINIMA 2.

4 ChapterA

Method for Calculating Maxima/Minima of Quadratic Functions

1) Determine whether x - 4x - 12 has maxima or minima and calculate its value-

For such problems, express the given expression in the form (x + a)+ b, where a andb
are constants.
x- 4x- 12 =(x - 4x + 4) 16 =(x -

2)2 -

16.
Since (x- 2 is a square, the minimum value taken by (x - 2) is zero and it occurs at x
= 2

minimum value of the expression: 0 16 = -16 or minima = 16 at x = 2

2) Determine whether x + 6x + 5 has maxima or minima and calculate its value x2 + 6x +5
=9x + 6x +9) - 4 =(x + 3)2 4
Since (x + 3) is a square, the minimum value taken by (x + 3) is zero and it occurs at x
-3.
minimum value of the expression: 0 4 - 4 or minima =-4 at x = -3.

3) Determine wheter x + 10x + 38 has maxima has maxima or minima and calculate its value.
x +10x+ 38 (x + 10x + 25) + 13 = (x + 5)2 + 13.
Since (x + 5) is a square, the minimum value taken by (x + 5) is zero and it occurs at x
-5
minimum value of the expression: 0 + 13 = or minima = 13 at x = -5.

4) Determine whether - x + 4x + 21 has maxima or minima and calculate its value-

-x + 4x + 21 =-(x - 4x - 21) = -[(x - 4 x + 4) 25]
= [(x 2) 25] = -(x - 2)2 + 25
The minimum value (x - 2 ) can take is zero.

. The maximum value -(x 2) can take is zero.

The maximum value -(x - 2) + 25 can take is 0 + 25 = 25 and it occurs at x = 2

Determine whether x + 8 x - 15 has maxima or minima and calculate its value

-x +8x - 15 = -(x - 8x + 15)
=
-[(x - 4)2
-[(x -
8x+ 16)
- 1]
-

1]
= - (x - 4)2 + 1
The minimum value (x 4) can take is zero.
T h e maximum value -(x - 4 ) can take i s zero.

The maximum value (x - 4) + 1 can take is 1

. Maximum value of the expression = 1 or maxima 1 at x = 4.

Maxima and Minima of Modulus Functions

As we have seen earlier, the graph of the modulus function with positive coefficient is of the
shape of 'v while the graph of the modulus function with negative coefficient is of the shape
of inverted 'v'. Therefore the modulus function with positive coefficient has a minima while the
has
modulus function with negative coefficient a maxima.
Therefore functions of the form 12x + 41, 213x + 51 etc have minima

While the functions of the form -12x+ 41, -213x+ 51 etc have maxima

81
ms CATapult
ALGEBRA

Method for Calculating Maxima or Minima of Modulus Functions

1) Consider function y Ix + 21+Ix 4
=

The function has a minima because both

Ix + 2 Ix 4| have positive coetfhicients.
-

Step 1: Since Graphs of Ix + 2 and Ix 4| touch the x axis at x

-

-2 and x 4 respec = =

tively, the minima will occur either at x -2 or 4. =

Step 2: The minimum value of the function occurs

at one of the roots.
At x =-2, y = 6
At x = 4, y = 6

Therefore minimum value of the function is 6.

2) Consider function -lx+
y =

The function has maxima because

3 Ix -

41
both -Ix + 3| and -lx - 4| have
Step 1:
negative coefficients.
Since Graphs of -|x + 3| and Ix 4|
touch the x axis at x =
-3 and 4
tively, the maxima will occur either at x -3 or +4. =
x =
respec
Step 2: At x =-3, y = -7
At x 4, y = -7

Therefore maxmum value of the function is -7.

3) Consider function y
=|2x + 4| 13x 51
The functions has minima because
both |2x + 4| and |13x + 5| have positive coefficients.
Step 1: Since Graphs of
|2x +4| and |3x * 5| touch the x axis at

Step 2:
respectively, the minima will occur either at x -2
At x =2, y = 1
=
or i
x =
-2 and
-
Atx =3 y
Therefore minimum 2
value of function is
 PLOTTING OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS, MAXIMA-MINÍMA 2.4
Chapter QA

Challengers
1) If we defñine an expression P(x) =x and an expression Q(x) =
|4x, then for how many in
teger values is P(x) - Q(x) a negative quantity?

1) 2 2)4 3) 6 8
2) Plot the region on the XY plane satisfying the inequality: Ixl lyl Ix yl < 4
How many points with integer co-ordinates lie in the interior of this region?
1) 4 2) 5 3) 6
4) 7 5) 8

3) How many points with integer coordinates lie within or on the boundary of the region formed
by (x 3) (y 2)2 = 25?
1) 79 2) 81 3) 83 4) 85

4) What is the maximum value of 25 2x2 - x*2

1) 26 2) 28 3) 30 4) 32

5) How many points with non-negative integer coordinates lie in the region y s 12 x?
1) 34 2) 36 3) 38 4) 40
Plot the following equations
a) y = x +1| + Ix 11 b) y = 1 - | 2

***********

X x

*7) Plot the following regions:

a) lyl =
6 21x b) x + yl = 4

---

87
ums CATapult
ALGEBRA

PRACTICE EXERCISE
DIRECTIONS for questions 1 and 2: Solve as directed.

. Solve the following inequalities

graphically
(a)-x2 - 6x+ 7s0 (b) x+8x + 16 2 0

2 Mention whether the following functions have maxima or minima and calculate maxima/
minima:
(a) 4x + 20x 34 (b)-x+ 8x 30
(c) -x+ 11x 18 (d) x+ 7x +3
(e) 12x 3 3x 4 (f) Ix 4Ix 61
(g) 13x 4 |2x +3

DIRECTIONS for questions 3 to 8: Choose the correct alternative.

3.

B(-2.2) A(2,2)
(-1, 1 (1, 1)

X
0

Y
The shaded region is represented by the inequation:
1) y 2 x 2) y2-x 3)y2x 4) y s x

88
6 Find the area of the region bounded by the equations Ix + yl s 5 and |x yl s 3.
1) 15 sq.units 2) 30 sq.units 3) 20 sq.units 4) 25 sq.units

of the region bounded by y 2 2 0, xy 2 1 and x + 2y 10.

-

Find the area

1) 1.5 sq. units sq.

2) 2 units 3) 3 sq. units 4) 4 sq. units

89
 ims CATapult
Inmtee lew Sucus ALGEBRA

8 What is the area bounded by the curves Ix + yl 1, Ixl = 1, lyl 1?

1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1

DIRECTIONS for questions 9 and 10: Solve as directed.

Find the area (in square units) of t h e region bounded by the curves y = x 1| 11 - xl
9.
and y 4.

10. Find the number of points with integer coordinates

a) which fall within the region bounded by 12x + yl = 6 and |2x - yl = 6.

b) which satisfy both y s 5 12x| and y 2 x - 4

C)which satisfy both 4y 2 X - 24 and 4y s 24 x

DIRECTIONS for questions 11 to 17: Choose the correct alternative.

11. The curve y = 2x2 + 3 is shifted horizontally and vertically such that point A now corresponds
to point B (3, 7). What will be the equation of the shifted curve?

2x +3

B(3,7)
A

(0, 0)

1) y = 2x - 12x + 25 2) y = 2x 12x + 18
3) y = 2x - 12x + 11 4) y = 2x+ 12x + 25
 Chapter QA
PLOTTING OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS, MAXIMA-MINIMA 2.4

12. What is the equation of the following graph?

-4 6

2) y Ix + 4 Ix - 21
1) y = Ix 4 Ix 21
3) y = lx - 4| Ix + 4 4) y = lx + 4| Ix + 21

13. What is the equation of the graph described below?

2) Ix + yl =4 3) Ix + lyl = 2 4) Ix + yl = 2
1) Ix+Ilyl =4

14. Which of the following equations describe the given graph?

(3,66)

(-1, 2)2 (7,2)

6 8 X

(3,-2)

1) x+ 3 l y + 21 4 2) x 3 | + I y 21 1 6
4) Ix 31 Iy 21 16
3) x 3 ly 21 = 4

91
ms CATapult
ALGEBRA

Which of the following graphs best describes the function f(x) = x - 2 + x - 4 Ix -

15. 6?

U
1) 2

4)
B)
point that satishes the equations 2 <x
What is the maximum possible distance between a
16. point that satisfies the equations 2 x< 5, y<
5 , y 2 1 and 5x + 8y 40 and another
8 and 5x + 8y 2 40?
3) 2 13 4) 41
1) 58 2) 13

21 |x 3 |. Which of the following

is true about the
f(x) |
-
-

Consider the function x

-

=
17.
function?
function lies on the line y = 2x -

5
1) A part of the graph of the
for which f(-x) = -

f(x)
2) There exists a value of
x

3) 1fx) 1 if Ixl 2 3
=

are true.
4) All of the above
18: Solve as directed.
DIRECTIONS for question
maximum (14 3xl, 16 2x|)?
of the function
=

What is the minimum value y

18
19 and 20: Choose the correct alternative.
DIRECTIONS for questions
ax* (2ab + a)x + b' + b + 1 is
The minimum value of the function f(x)
= + --
19
4
3) 3 4)
1) 2)2
the
20. Which of the following sets of equations represent
dark shaded area in the graph below?

1) lyl Ix 2 and Ilyl < lxl

> + 2
2) lyl> Ix- 2 and lyl> x| + 2
3) lyl < x 2 and Ilyl < Ixl + 2
4) Iyl < xl -

2 and lyl> Ixl + 2

92