Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 13

1-6) Ampere's Law :

Ampere’s Law 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼 (10)

When the current has a nonuniform cross section, Ampere's law is written in terms of the current
density or current per unit area J:

(𝐶)
𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐴
𝑗𝑑𝑠 (11)

𝑗
When the current is imbedded in a material medium its permeability 𝜇 then:

(A) 𝑑𝑠
(𝐶)
𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇 𝐴
𝑗𝑑𝑠 then (𝐶)
𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐴
𝑗𝑑𝑠 (12)

(c) 𝐵
Dr M Taoubi
 Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 14

(C)

I I

Dr M Taoubi2023
𝐸
𝐴1
𝐴2
Equation 12 though often adequate is not the whole truth. Ampere’s law is not particular about the area used, provided
it’s bounded by the curve (C), which makes for an obvious problem when charging a capacitor. If flat area 𝐴1 is used a net
current, I flow through it and there is a 𝐵 field along curve (C), the right side of equation 12 is nonzero, so left side is
nonzero. But if area 𝐴2 is used instead to encompass C, no net current passes through it and the field must now be zero!!
But it is ≠ 0.
Moving charges are not the only source of a magnetic field, while charging or discharging a capacitor ,one can measure a
𝐵 field in the region between its plates which is indistinguishable from the field surrounding the leads, even though no
𝑄
electric current actually traverses the capacitor. If A is the area of the plate and Q the charge on it, then 𝐸 = . As the
𝜀𝐴
𝜕𝐸 𝐼
charge varies, the electric field changes, and taking the derivative 𝜀 = = 𝐽𝐷 displacement current density:
𝜕𝑡 𝐴
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐷
𝐽𝐷 = 𝜀 = (13)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐷
Then (𝐶)
𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐴
(𝑗 + )𝑑𝑠 points that even 𝐽 = 0, a time varying 𝐸-field will be accompanied by a 𝐵-field.
𝜕𝑡
 Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 15

𝜕𝐷
(𝐶)
𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐴
(𝑗 + 𝜕𝑡
)𝑑𝑠 (14)
𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝐷
Then 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐻 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐴
(𝑗 + )𝑑𝑠 then we get 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐻 = 𝑗 + (15)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

1-7) Maxwell’s Equations in Dielectric :

In Integral form:
1- 𝐴
𝐷𝑑𝑠 = 𝑉
𝜌𝑑𝜏
𝜕𝐵
2- 𝐶
𝐸 𝑑𝑙 = − 𝐴 𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑠
3- 𝐴
𝐵 𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐷
4- 𝐶
𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇 𝐴
(𝑗 + 𝜀 𝜕𝑡 )𝑑𝑠 or (𝐶)
𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐴
(𝑗 + 𝜕𝑡
)𝑑𝑠
In Differential form
1- 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐷 = 𝜌 or 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐸 = 𝜌/𝜀
𝜕𝐵
2- 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐸 = − 𝜕𝑡
3- 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐵 = 0
𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝐸
4- 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐻 = 𝑗 + or 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐵 = 𝜇𝑗 + 𝜇𝜀 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑡
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 16

Application
The electric and magnetic fields appear in Maxwell’s Equations with a
remarkable symmetry, 𝐸 affects 𝐵 and 𝐵 ill in turn affects 𝐸 .
Write Maxwell’s Equations in cartesian coordinates (free space).
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 17

2-Electromagnetic Waves

2-1) Introduction
A time-varying 𝐸-field generates a 𝐵-field, which is everywhere perpendicular to the direction in which
𝐸 changes.

𝜕𝐸
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝜀0 (16)
𝜕𝑡

𝐵
Dr M Taoubi
𝜑𝐸 ↗
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 18

In the same way, a time-varying 𝐵-field generates an 𝐸-field which is everywhere perpendicular to the
direction in which 𝐵 changes

𝐵↗

𝐸 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐸 = − 𝜕𝐵 (17)
𝜕𝑡

Dr M Taoubi
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 19

Consider a charge that is somehow caused to accelerate from rest. When the charge is
motionless, it has associated with it a constant radial 𝐸-field extending in all directions
presumably to infinity (whatever that means). At the instant the charge begins to move,
the 𝐸-field is altered in the vicinity of the charge, and this alteration propagates out into
space at some finite speed. The time-varying electric field induces a magnetic field. If the
charge’s velocity is constant, the rate-of-change of the 𝐸-field is steady, and the resulting
𝜕𝐸
𝐵-field is constant. But here the charge is accelerating. is itself not constant, so the
𝜕𝑡
induced 𝐵-field is time-dependent. The time-varying 𝐵-field generates an 𝐸-field, and the
process continues, with 𝐸 and 𝐵 coupled in the form of a pulse. As one field changes, it
generates a new field that extends a bit farther, and the pulse moves out from one point
to the next through space.
The 𝐸- and 𝐵-fields can more appropriately be considered as two aspects of a single
physical phenomenon, the electromagnetic field, whose source is a moving charge. The
disturbance, once it has been generated in the electromagnetic field, is an untethered
wave that moves beyond its source and independently of it. Bound together as a single
entity, the time-varying electric and magnetic fields regenerate each other in an endless
cycle.
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 20

Take the 4 Maxwell’s Equations:

𝜌
𝛻𝐸 = 𝜀
𝜕𝐵
𝛻×𝐸 =−
𝜕𝑡
𝛻𝐵 = 0
𝜕𝐸
𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐽 + 𝜇𝜀
𝜕𝑡
and 𝐽 = 𝜎𝐸
2 1 𝜕2 𝜓
If the expressions are somehow to yield a wave equation 𝛻 𝜓 = (18) , we had best form some
𝑣 2 𝜕𝑡 2
second derivatives w.r.t. the space variables.

We have 𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝑉 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 − 𝛻 2 𝑉

Then we can prove that:

2
𝜕2𝐵 𝜕𝐵
𝛻 𝐵 − 𝜇𝜀 2 − 𝜇𝜎 =0 (19)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜕2 𝐸 𝜕𝐸
𝛻 2 𝐸 − 𝜇𝜀 − 𝜇𝜎 = 0 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝜌 = 0 (20)
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page 21

In no conducting medium 𝜎 = 0 the relations (19) and (20) become:

2
𝜕2𝐵
𝛻 𝐵 − 𝜇𝜀 2 = 0 (21)
𝜕𝑡

2 𝜕2 𝐸
𝛻 𝐸− 𝜇𝜀 2 =0 (22)
𝜕𝑡
We can write:

2
𝜕2𝐻
𝛻 𝐻 − 𝜇𝜀 2 = 0 (23)
𝜕𝑡

2 𝜕2 𝐷
𝛻 𝐷− 𝜇𝜀 2 =0 (24)
𝜕𝑡

In free space: (𝜇 = 𝜇0 ; 𝜀 = 𝜀0 ; 𝜎 = 𝜌 = 0; 𝑘𝐸 ≈ 𝑘𝑚 = 1)
Then we get:

2
𝜕2𝐵
𝛻 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝜀0 2 (25)
𝜕𝑡

2 𝜕2 𝐸
𝛻 𝐸= 𝜇0 𝜀0 2 (26)
𝜕𝑡