MMP 31

3
VECTORS AND I
NTERMEDI
ATE HOST
1
.0 VECTORS
Vectortrans
missio
ni st heothers t
rategyu sed byp rotoz
oanparas
iteswh ic
hi nhabittheb lo
od
orintern
alt is
sueswi th
initshost.Thiss t
ra t
egyi nv
olvesah a
ematophogousarthr
o podservi
nga s
ani nter
mediary b etween succ
essiv
ev ertebra
teh ost
s.Severalh uman di s
eases c a
used by
prot
ozoaa r
et ransmit
tedb yav ari
etyo fa rthr
opodv ecto
rs(Table1 )
.Th isrepresentas econ
d
hos
tf orthep roto
zoanp aras
ite.Th ust hel ifec ycleo fvectort ra
nsmitt
ed di seas
es also
in
volves co
mp l
ex i nt
eract
ionsp ro
tozoan
-v ectorinteract
ionanalo
goust ot hec o mplex huma
n-
prot
ozoaninteract
ions.Vecto
rt ran
smiss
ionp robabl
yev olv
edmu l
tipl
et imes.

Oneo ft h
eb r
oades
t defin
iti
ons defi
nes a v
ect
orasa l i
vin
go r
ganis
mt ha
tt r
ans
mitsa n
i
nfec
tiou
sa g
entf ro
m a ni nf
ected animaltoah u
mano ra no
ther animal.Anyo rg
a n
ism
(v
ert
ebrateo ri n
ver
tebr
ate) tha
tf u
nctio
nsasa car
rier o
fa ni nf
ectiou
sa gen
tb etween
or
gani
smsofadi ffer
entspeci
es.

Thisi
ncl
udeso r
gan
ismsp l
ayin
g ap u
rel
y mec
han
ica
lro
lei
ntr
ans
mis
sio
n(e.
g.Mu
scaf
liesi
n
th
et r
ans
mis
sio
no fChlamydiatra
cho
mati
s).

Some aut
horsha v
egonef u
rth
era nd ex
ten
ded t
he defi
nit
iontoin
clude fo
mites—in
anima
te
objec
tsc a
pabl
eo fcar
ryi
ngi n
fec
tiou
sma t
eri
alandt r
ansf
err
ingi
tb etween h
o s
ts,suc
ha s
syr
ingesan
dp apermo
ney.

Vec
tor
sar
efr
equ
ent
lya
rth
rop
ods
,su
cha
smo
squ
ito
es,t
ick
s,f
lies
,fl
easa
ndl
ice.

Vect
or-bor
nediseas
esa ccou
ntformorethan17% ofallinf
ecti
ousdisea
ses,cau
sin
gmo rethan
700 000 dea
thsa nnua
lly.They c
a nbec au
sed b
y eith
erp a
rasi
tes
,b act
eri
ao rv i
rus
es,a
nd
cantra
nsmi
tinf
ec t
iousdisea
sesei
theract
ivel
yo rpas
siv
ely:

An
oph
elesmo
squ
itoi
sreg
ardeda
sth
ebi
olo
gic
alv
ect
oro
fPl
asmo
diu
msp
.(ma
lar
ialp
ara
sit
e).

Typ
eso
fVec
tor
s
Bi
olo
gic
alv
ect
ors
:
Bio
log
icalvecto
rsa rethoseca r
riero r
g a
nis
ms( invertebr
ateanima
ls)i n whi
chthep aras
ites
(di
sea
sea g
ents)incr
easethei
rn umbersb ymu l
tipl
icationortra
nsfor
ma t
ionins
idetheb o
dyo f
thecarr
ier
-organi
sms.Thep a
thogenswi llmultip
ly wi th
inthei
rb odiesan dbe del
iver
ed t o
newhost
s,usu
allybyb i
tin
g,e.g.mosqu
itoesandt ick
s .

I
nbi
olo
gic
alv
ect
orst
ran
smi
ssi
ono
fva
rio
usdi
sea
sesi
soc
cur
redb
yth
reewa
ys:

1
.Pro
pag
ati
vet r
ans
miss
ion
:Wh enthedi
sea
sea g
entorp
ara
siteunder
goesmu
lti
pli
cat
ionwit
hin
t
hebody o
fb io
log
icalvect
orb u
tn oc
ycli
calcha
ngei
so bs
erv
ed,thenthetran
s­miss
ionis
s
aidtobepro
pagat
ive.

Ex
amp
le:Pl
agu
eba
cil
lini
nra
tfl
eas
.
2.Cyclo
-pr
opag
ati
vetr
ans
mis
sio
n:Hereth
ep ar
asi
teunder
goesmul
tip
lic
ati
oni
nth
ebo
dy o
f
th
ev ec
torandatthes
ametimecyc
lic
alcha
ngeisal
sonoti
ced.

Ex
amp
le:Pl
asmo
diu
minf
ema
leAn
oph
elesmo
squ
ito
.

3. Cycl
o-devel
opment
alt ra
nsmis
sion
: When th
e di s
ease ag
ento rp ar
asi
te un
der
goes no
mu
ltipl
icat
ionint heb o
dy ofv ecto
rb utth
ey underg
oc yc
licalc
hanges
.Ex a
mpl
e:Gu i
nea
-
wo
rm embryoinCyclopsandfila
rialpar
asi
te(Wuch
ereria
)inCu l
exmos
quit
o.

Mechanic
alv ector
s:Th erea r
ec ert
ainvec t
orswh er
et h
ep a
rasi
tes(germs
)a rea ttac
hed to
th
eo u
tsi
deo ft heirbody,sucha sinlegsa ndt h
ust r
a n
smittheg er
mso rp a
ras
itesf r
omo ne
hosttoa no
th erwitho
uti nv
o l
vin
ga ny developmen
tals tagesoft hep a
rasi
tesint h
eirb o
dy.
They pickupi nf
ecti
ousa gentsont h
eo u t
side oft heirb o
diesa n
dt rans
mitth em thr
ough
physi
calcon
ta ct
,e.g.fl
ies,cockr
oach
,etc.

I
nani
matev ect
ors:A fomi
terefer
st oi
nani
mateobjectsthatca
ncarr
ya nds
prea
d di
sea
se
a
ndinfec
tiousagent
s.Fomi
tesfa
cil
ita
tetheindi
rec
tt r
ansmi
ssi
onofp
ath
ogen
san
dc anal
sobe
c
all
edp as
sivevecto
rs.

Thereisah ugearra
yo feverydayob j
ectstha
tc anbecomefomitesiftheycomeintocon
tact
wi
thi n
fect
iousa g
entssuc
ha si nfec
tiousmic
robes,vi
rus
es,bacteri
a,an
df u
ngi.Co
ntami
nated
do
o r
kno
bs,towel
s,andsyri
ngesa r
ea llcommo
nex ampl
esoff o
mites.

Howev
er,sev
eralfa
ctorsca
ninflu
enc
ewh
eth
erb
act
eri
aonaf
omi
tec
ans
ucc
ess
ful
lyt
ran
smi
t
toah uma
n.Thesefac
torsi
ncl
ude:

Th
etyp
eofb
act
eri
aorv
iru
sont
hef
omi
te

Ho
wmu
chb
act
eri
aorv
iru
sca
nlea
dtoi
nfec
tio
n,et
c.

Tran
smis
sio
nv iat h
eh andsisthe mostcommontypeof di
sea
ses pr
ead.I
tleadst ooth
er
fo
mitesbeinginfect
ed thr
oug
h di
rectcont
act,whi
chiswhyh and wa
shi
ngiss
oi mp
orta
ntin
th
ef ig
hta ga
ins
tt hesp
reado fi
nfect
iou
sdiseas
e.

Di
seasest r
ans
mitt
ed b yvecto
rsa r
ec al
led v
ect
or-b
orn
e disea
ses
.Ma nyvec
tor-born
e
dis
ea s
esa r
ez oo
noti
c dis
eases
,i .
e.diseasestha
tc anbetran
smit
ted dir
ect
lyo rindi
rectl
y
betweenanimalsandh u
mans.Theseincl
u deforexamp
leLymediseas
e,tic
k-born
eencephal
iti
s,
WestNi l
ev iru
s,Leis
hmani
asisetc
.

Manyv ec
tor
-borne di
sea
sesa recons
ider
ed a semer
gin
ginfec
tio
usdi s
eas
es- adis
eas
et hat
ap
pearsinap opula
tio
nf orthefirs
tt i
me,o rtha
tma yha
veex i
sted p
rev
iou
slyb
utisra
pidl
y
i
ncrea
singinin
cidenceorg eo
grap
hicrange.

Somev ecto
rsarea
bletomovec o
nsi
der
abl
edi
sta
nces
.Th i
sma ya
ffectt
het ra
nsmis
sio
nr an
ges
ofv ec
t o
r-bor
nezoon
oti
c di
sea
ses.Vec
tor
sca
nb ei nt
roduc
ed t
on ew geo
graphi
ca rea
sf or
ex
a mpl
eb y:

i
. Tr
avelo
fhu
man
san
din
ter
nat
ion
alt
rade
i
i. An
ima
lmo
vemen
t,f
ori
nst
anc
eofl
ives
toc
k

i
ii
. Mi
gra
tor
ybi
rds

i
v. Ch
ang
inga
gri
cul
tur
alp
rac
tic
es

v
. Ort
hewi
nd

Ta
ble1
:So
mev
ect
orb
orn
edi
sea
sesk
nownt
oma
n

Vec
tor Di
sea
sec
aus
ed Typ
eofp
ath
ogen
Mo
squ
ito Aedes Chi
kungunya Vi
rus
Dengue Vi
rus
Lymphati
cf i
lar
ias
is Pa
rasi
te
Rif
tVa lleyfever Vi
rus
Yello
wFev er Vi
rus
Zik
a Vi
rus

An
oph
eles Lympha
ticf
ila
ria
sis Pa
ras
ite
Mala
ria Pa
ras
ite

Cu
lex Japa
neseen
c epha
liti
s Vi
rus
Lympha
ticfila
rias
is Pa
rasi
te
WestNilefever Vi
rus

Aq
uat
ics
nai
ls Sc
his
tos
omi
asi
s(bi
lha
rzi
asi
s) Pa
ras
ite
Bl
ack
fli
es On
cho
cer
cia
sis(
riv
erb
lin
dnes
s) Pa
ras
ite
Fl
eas Pl
agu
e( tr
ans
mit
tedf
romr
atst
ohu
man
s) Ba
cter
ia
Tu
ngi
asi
s Ec
topa
ras
ite

Li
ce Typhu
s Ba
cter
ia
Lou
se-bo
rner
ela
psi
ngf
ever Ba
cter
ia

Sa
ndf
lies Sa
nd-f
lyf
ever(
phl
ebo
tomu
sfev
er) Vi
rus

Sa
ndf
lies Lei
shma
nia
sis Pa
ras
ite

Ti
cks Cri
mean-Co ngoh a
emorrhagi
cfever Vi
rus
Lymedi sease Ba
cteri
a
Relaps
ingf ever( bor
reli
osis
) Ba
cteri
a
Ric
kettsi
a ldiseases(e.
g.:spot
tedfev
era
ndQ Ba
cteri
a
fev
er) Vi
rus
Tick
-b or
n een cephal
iti
s Ba
cteri
a
Tular
emia
Tr
iat
omeb
ugs Ch
aga
sdi
sea
se(
Amer
ica
ntr
ypa
nos
omi
asi
s) Pa
ras
ite
Ts
ets
efl
ies Sl
eep
ings
ick
nes
s(Af
ric
ant
ryp
ano
somi
asi
s) Pa
ras
ite
Human
sa r
er eg
a r
ded aso neoft h
e mo st da
nger
ousv ec
tor
so fsev
eral dis
eases s
ucha s
s
yphi
lis
,go
nor
rhoea,AIDS,hep
ati
tisB etc
.Th es
ea ni
matevect
ors(c
arr
ier
s)t r
ansmiti
nfec
tio
n
f
romonehuma
nt ot h
eo th
erorfromanimal
st ohuma
ns.

2.
0INTERMEDI
ATE HOST

I
nter
mediatehos
tisth ehosthar
b o
r i
ngap ar
asit
et hatprima
rilyg rowsbutnott othepointof
r
eachi
ng( s
exu
al)matu
r i
ty.Anintermediatehosto f
tena c
tsa sav ectorofap arasi
tetor each
i
tsdefin
iti
vehost(whereitwillbec omema t
ure).Th u
s,theintermediat
eh o
sts erv
esonlya sa
s
itewherei
nthep a
ras
ites p
endsap ar
t i
cul
ardev elo
pmentalsta
g eo fitsli
fec ycle(i.
e.larv
al
s
tage).Theref
ore,mostp
aras
itesina
nintermedi
atehos
ta r
ec o
nsi
deredasexu
al.An
i
ntermedia
teh os
tp la
ysthepartofavecto
rf orthepar
asi
tebefor
ei tg
et stothedef
ini
tiv
e
h
ost.So meexamplesofi
nter
media
tehos
tsa reshowni
nTa bl
e2.

Example:tap
ewormusi
ngap igasinter
mediateho
sts
.Whenthepiginges
tsi t
seg g,theegg
hatc
hesa ndthelar
vamo vesfromt h
ei nt
esti
netothemusc
letof o
rm ac yst
.Huma n
(defi
niti
vehost)i
nges
tingap arti
allycookedorrawmeatcon
tai
nin
gt hec ys
twillh ar
borthe
para
sit
ewh enthelarv
amo v
eso u
to fthec ys
tandg r
owsin
toitsmatu
rea ndb eg
int o
repr
oduceinsi
detheh umanh o
st.

Ta
ble2:So
mep
ara
sit
esa
ndt
hei
rin
ter
medi
ateh
ost

Pa
ras
ite I
nter
medi
ateHo
st

Pl
asmo
diu
m Hu
man
s

Di
rof
ila
riai
mmi
tis Mo
squ
ito(
Aedess
pp.
,Cu
lexs
pp.
,An
oph
eless
pp.
,Ma
nso
nias
pp.
)

Wuch
ereri
aba n
cro
fti,Br
ugi
a Mo
squ
ito(
Cul
exs
pp.
,Aedess
pp.&An
oph
eless
pp.
)
ti
mori&Brug
iamalayi

Ta
pewo
r Ta
m( en
ias
oli
um) Hu
man
s,Co
w,Pi
gs

Sc
his
tos
omas
pp Fr
esh
wat
ers
nai
ls(
Bio
mph
ala
rias
pp.
)

To
xop
las
mag
ondi
i Ma
nyma
mma
lsa
ndb
irds

Tr
ypa
nos
omac
ruz
i, 2in
termedi
ateh os
ts:
Tr
ypa
nos
omag
ambien
se a
)Invert
ebratehost(Tri
ato
min
ein
sec
tsl
iket
set
sef
ly-
Glo
ssi
nap al
pali
s)
b
)Vertebra
teh os
t( Huma
ns)